He believed that the reform of the civil service into a meritocratic system and the disappearance of the ancient Chinese nobility from the bureaucracy constituted a modern society.

The evidence from the ancient historians could also converge with evidence from other fields, such as archeology: for example, evidence that many senators fled Rome at the time, that the battles of Caesar ’ s civil war occurred, and so forth.

Edwin Thiele has concluded that the ancient northern Kingdom of Israel counted years using the ecclesiastical new year starting on 1 Aviv ( Nisan ), while the southern Kingdom of Judah counted years using the civil new year starting on 1 Tishrei.

Later in the 20th century, after the break-up of the Soviet Union, leaders appealed to ancient ethnic feuds or tensions that ignited conflict between the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, as well Bosnians, Montenegrins and Macedonians, eventually breaking up the long collaboration of peoples and ethnic cleansing was carried out in the Balkans, resulting in the destruction of the formerly communist republic and produced the civil wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 – 95, resulted in mass population displacements and segregation that radically altered what was once a highly diverse and intermixed ethnic makeup of the region.

In ancient times the Roman civil procedure applied to many countries.

The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient Rurik Dynasty in 1598, and in combination with the famine of 1601 – 03 led to the civil war, the rule of pretenders and foreign intervention during the Time of Troubles in the early 17th century.

The Roman triumph () was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly celebrate and sanctify the military achievement of an army commander who had won great military successes, or originally and traditionally, one who had successfully completed a foreign war.

The ancient Romans used a consolidated scheme for city planning, developed for military defense and civil convenience.

Until 1889, the county of Surrey included the present-day London borough of Southwark, yet the name has been used for various areas of civil administration, including the ancient Borough of Southwark, the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark and the current London Borough of Southwark.

The France of his youth had known the misery of divided counsels and civil war ; the France of his manhood, brought together under an absolute sovereign, had suddenly shot up into a splendour only comparable with ancient Rome.

This distinction between civil law and religious law may seem mundane and obvious today, but for an ancient society, such a distinction was relatively uncommon.

He came of an ancient Plebeian family who all were noted for some military service but not for the discharge of the higher civil offices.

This use became obsolete at the end of the nineteenth century when local government reform converted many townships that, up to then, had been subdivisions of ancient parishes into the newer civil parishes in their own right.

This formally separated the connection between the ecclesiastical functions of ancient parishes and the civil administrative functions that had been started in the sixteenth century.

The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each.

There is no mention of Cill Chainnigh in the lives of Cainnech of Aghaboe, Ciarán of Saighir or any of the early annals of Ireland suggesting that Cill Chainnigh was not of ancient civil importance.

Camberwell St Giles formed an ancient, and later civil, parish in the Brixton hundred of Surrey.

Mill Hill was part of the ancient civil parish of Hendon within the historic county boundaries of Middlesex.

It formed part of the ancient, and later civil, parish of Chelsfield in Kent and was part of the Bromley Rural District from 1894.

Historically, the ancient parish included several other chapelries or townships which later became separate civil parishes: Blawith, Church Coniston, Egton with Newland, Lowick, Mansriggs, Osmotherley, Subberthwaite and Torver.

The ancient Egyptians used this name in both their lunar and their civil calendars.

The only permanent barrier to citizenship, and hence full political and civil rights, in ancient Athens was gender.

Part of the urban area constitutes a civil parish of Chepping Wycombe, which had a population of 14, 455 according to the 2001 census – this parish represents that part of the ancient parish of Chepping Wycombe which was outside the former municipal borough of Wycombe.

Ossett cum Gawthorpe was a township in the ancient parish of Dewsbury ; it became a civil parish in 1866, and was incorporated as the Municipal Borough of Ossett in 1890.

The ancient parish, and the civil parish until 1894, included Chalvey and Slough, originally hamlets, and was formally known as Upton cum Chalvey.

In addition to languages spoken today, Afroasiatic includes several ancient languages, such as Ancient Egyptian, Akkadian, and Biblical Hebrew.

Egyptians also believed that being mummified and put in a sarcophagus ( an ancient Egyptian " coffin " carved with complex symbols and designs, as well as pictures and hieroglyphs ) was the only way to have an afterlife.

* Some ancient Egyptian statues of Anubis read ,"... I am death ... I eat ambrosia and drink blood ..." which hints that ambrosia is a food of some sort.

In Egypt, Solon met a priest of Sais, who translated the history of ancient Athens and Atlantis, recorded on papyri in Egyptian hieroglyphs, into Greek.

* Altägyptisches Wörterbuch, the standard academic dictionary of ancient Egyptian published in Berlin

Plato drew a parallel between Athene and the ancient Libyan and Egyptian goddess Neith, a war deity who also was depicted carrying a shield.

He also wrote detailed descriptions on ancient Egyptian monuments.

* Ash ( god ), the ancient Egyptian god of oases

Anubis ( or ; ) is the Greek name for a jackal-headed god associated with mummification and the afterlife in ancient Egyptian religion.

Like many ancient Egyptian deities, Anubis assumes different roles in various contexts.

* Chancellor Bay, a royal scribe to an ancient Egyptian ruler

Fist depicted in Sumerian relief ( in Iraq ) carvings from the 3rd millennium BC, while an ancient Egyptian relief from the 2nd millennium BC depicts both fist-fighters and spectators.

" The Protestation of Guiltlessness ," from the Egyptian Book of the Dead, is a collection of assertions of innocence which were included in ancient Egyptian burial rites, and is often compared to Job, especially chapter 31.

However, the similarity between the central concerns of Job and those of certain ancient Babylonian and Egyptian texts reveals a shared interest in the question of why the innocent suffer.

Many believe that al-kīmīā is derived from χημία, which is in turn derived from the word Chemi or Kimi, which is the ancient name of Egypt in Egyptian.

* There are some calendars that appear to be synchronized to the motion of Venus, such as some of the ancient Egyptian calendars ; synchronization to Venus appears to occur primarily in civilizations near the Equator.

They have also been reported from several New Kingdom levels of ancient Egyptian archaeological sites.

Shu was the ancient Egyptian god of air and the husband of Tefnut, goddess of moisture.

The island is first referred to as Kaptara in texts from the Syrian city of Mari dating from the 18th century BC, repeated later in Neo-Assyrian records and the Bible ( Caphtor ) It was also known in ancient Egyptian as Keftiu, strongly suggesting some form similar to both was the Minoan name for the island.

The University of Chicago Oriental Institute has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts.

Clement then criticizes the simplistic anthropomorphism of most ancient religions, quoting Xenophon's famous description of African, Thracian and Egyptian deities.

* Canopus, Egypt, an ancient Egyptian city in the Nile Delta

* Canopic jar, ancient Egyptian vessel for storing organs removed by mummification procedure

Political leaders are known to have claimed actual divinity in certain early societies — the ancient Egyptian Pharaohs being the premier case — taking a role as objects of worship and being credited with superhuman status and powers.