The freeway with narrowly spaced interchanges concentrates and mitigates the access problem, but it also acts inevitably as an artificial, isolating boundary.

For shapes with curved boundary, calculus is usually required to compute the area.

A classic example of this is the replacement of the non-avian dinosaurs with mammals at the end of the Cretaceous, and of brachiopods by bivalves at the Permo-Triassic boundary.

In 1893, Mortimer Durand was deputed to Kabul by the government of British India for this purpose of settling an exchange of territory required by the demarcation of the boundary between northeastern Afghanistan and the Russian possessions, and in order to discuss with Amir Abdur Rahman Khan other pending questions.

Expanding upon the work of Lanchester, Ludwig Prandtl is credited with developing the mathematics behind thin-airfoil and lifting-line theories as well as work with boundary layers.

Discussions continue with Croatia on several small disputed sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinder final ratification of the 1999 border agreement.

Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is currently in dispute.

; 3. 1: To test a shuttlecock, use a full underhand stroke which makes contact with the shuttlecock over the back boundary line.

However, since " bronze " is a somewhat imprecise term, and historical pieces have variable compositions, in particular with an unclear boundary with brass, modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older objects increasingly use the more cautious and inclusive term " copper alloy " instead.

The more familiar triangular boundary in most written works has as its points somewhere on the Atlantic coast of Miami ; San Juan, Puerto Rico ; and the mid-Atlantic island of Bermuda, with most of the accidents concentrated along the southern boundary around the Bahamas and the Florida Straits.

An expanding universe generally has a cosmological horizon which, by analogy with the more familiar horizon caused by the curvature of the Earth's surface, marks the boundary of the part of the universe that an observer can see.

The 800-kilometre boundary with Thailand, coincides with a natural feature, the watershed of the Dangrek Mountains, only in its northern sector.

Cambodia is involved in a dispute regarding offshore islands and sections of the boundary with Vietnam.

In addition, the maritime boundary Cambodia has with Vietnam is undefined.

Parts of Cambodia's border with Thailand are indefinite, and the maritime boundary with Thailand is not clearly defined.

The end of the Cretaceous is defined by the K – Pg boundary, a geologic signature associated with the mass extinction which lies between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras.

Also known as the K – T extinction event, it is associated with a geological signature known variously as the K – T boundary, the Cretaceous – Paleogene boundary or the K – Pg boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation visible wherever rocks of this age are exposed.

Mammalian clades passed through the boundary with few extinctions, evolving and thriving well past the event.

The eastern frontier of Serbia was drawn from the summit of Patarika, on the old frontier, and followed the watershed between the Vardar and the Struma rivers to the Greek-Bulgarian boundary, except that the upper valley of the Strumica remained in the possession of Bulgaria.

The boundary line separating Greece from Bulgaria was drawn from the crest of Belasica to the mouth of the Mesta ( Nestos ), on the Aegean Sea.

The banks of the river are covered mainly by deciduous trees that extend into halfway between Bulgaria and Greece where it forms the modern boundary of Greek Macedonia and Thrace, as well as the boundary between the Kavala and the Xanthi regional units, having first crossed the Drama regional unit.

They never troubled themselves about us while we were playing, because the fence formed such a definite boundary and `` Don't go outside the gate '' was a command so impossible of misinterpretation.

The West was now glad to propose the 1919 Curzon Line, which was substantially Russia's 1941 border, as the boundary between Russia and Poland.

This was the Treaty of York which defined the boundary between the two kingdoms as running between the Solway Firth ( in the west ) and the mouth of the River Tweed ( in the east ).

By its terms the boundary between Alfred ’ s and Guthrum ’ s kingdoms was to run up the River Thames, to the River Lea ; follow the Lea to its source ( near Luton ); from there extend in a straight line to Bedford ; and from Bedford follow the River Ouse to Watling Street.

The final boundary was set in 1425 by an arbitration tribunal and Lucerne had to give the three Ämter to be collectively ruled.

Burundi and Rwanda dispute sections of border on the Akanyaru / Kanyaru and the Kagera / Nyabarongo rivers, which have changed course since the 1960s, when the boundary was delimited ; cross-border conflicts among Tutsi, Hutu, other ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces persist in the Great Lakes region.

Oppenheimer and his co-authors interpreted the singularity at the boundary of the Schwarzschild radius as indicating that this was the boundary of a bubble in which time stopped.

This was the beginning of the coastline problem, which is how to arrive at an estimate of a boundary that is infinite.

The result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river, which subsequently became the boundary between the Incan empire and the Mapuche lands until the arrival of the Spaniards.

There was a progressive decline in biodiversity during the Maastrichtian stage of the Cretaceous period prior to the suggested ecological crisis induced by events at the K – Pg boundary ( K – T boundary ).

Despite the severity of this boundary event, there was significant variability in the rate of extinction between and within different clades.

Even though the boundary event was severe, there was significant variability in the rate of extinction between and within different clades.

The turnover in this group is clearly marked at the species level .< ref > Statistical analysis of marine losses at this time suggests that the decrease in diversity was caused more by a sharp increase in extinctions than by a decrease in speciation .< ref > The K – T boundary record of dinoflagellates is not as well-understood, mainly because only microbial cysts provide a fossil record, and not all dinoflagellate species have cyst-forming stages, thereby likely causing diversity to be underestimated.

Due to the wholesale destruction of plants at the K – T boundary there was a proliferation of saprotrophic organisms such as fungi that do not require photosynthesis and use nutrients from decaying vegetation.

Only one family of pterosaurs, Azhdarchidae, was definitely present in the Maastrichtian, and it became extinct at the K – T boundary.

Long-term survival past the boundary was assured as a result of filling ecological niches left empty by extinction of non-avian dinosaurs.

It was renamed Concord in 1765 by Governor Benning Wentworth following a bitter boundary dispute between Rumford and the town of Bow ; the city name was meant to reflect the new concord, or harmony, between the disputant towns.

Most of the boundary between Delaware and Pennsylvania was originally defined by an arc extending from the cupola of the courthouse in the city of New Castle.

In 1797, Thompson was sent south by his employers to survey part of Canada-U. S. boundary along the water routes from Lake Superior to Lake of the Woods to satisfy unresolved questions of territory arising from the Jay Treaty between Great Britain and the United States.

If their existence past the K – T boundary can be confirmed, these hadrosaurids would be considered a Dead Clade Walking.

This boundary was confirmed in a 1 June 1912 note from the British General Staff in India, stating that the " present boundary ( demarcated ) is south of Tawang, running westwards along the foothills from near Ugalguri to the southern Bhutanese border.

The boundary with Greece was confirmed by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, which resolved persistent boundary and territorial claims involving areas in Thrace and provided for a population exchange ( see: War of Independence ).

The boundary with Iran was confirmed by the Kasr-i Sirin treaty in 1638.

The boundary with Iraq was confirmed by the Treaty of Angora ( Ankara ) in 1926.

These predictions were confirmed by the experiments of Chang and Jones on commercial glasses and glass ceramics, where mean free paths were limited by " internal boundary scattering " to length scales of 10 < sup >− 2 </ sup > cm to 10 < sup >− 3 </ sup > cm.

The surveyors also extended the boundary line to run between Pennsylvania and colonial western Virginia ( which became West Virginia during the American Civil War, on June 20, 1863 ), though this was contrary to their original charter ; this extension of the line was only confirmed later ( see Yohogania County for details ).

Mason and Dixon confirmed earlier survey work which delineated Delaware's southern boundary from the Atlantic Ocean to the ” Middle Point ” stone ( along what is today known as the Transpeninsular Line ).

However, about one-third of confirmed member stars have been observed well outside this boundary, in the cluster's extended halo ; these stars are probably in the process of escaping from its gravitational influence.

Further, this fact is confirmed and reiterated from the correspondence of the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir dated October 26, 1947 with Lord Mountbatten, Governor General of India which states that the state of Jammu and Kashmir has a common boundary with the “ Soviet Republic ”, and the said statement also determines the fact that inter alia Gilgit and Kanjut ( which includes the Raskam, Hunza valley and Taghdumbash ) are integral parts of Jammu and Kashmir. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru had also made a similar statement that " Jammu and Kashmir's Northern

In 1536, the river was confirmed as the boundary between Monmouthshire and Gloucestershire.

This claim was formally recognized by Germany the following day by Article III of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, which confirmed the western boundary of the British protectorate of Bechuanaland and the German protectorate of South-West Africa and also created the Caprivi strip inherited by modern Namibia:

* Links to detailed Defra maps of the confirmed boundary

The name " Meridian ", which derives from the Latin meridionālis meaning " of the south ", may also be linked to the Prime Meridian ( the boundary between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres of the globe, and a key landmark in the measurement of time ), which passes through the middle of the region, although this has not been confirmed.

Although he detested the politics of the Regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, he worked to review the boundary revisions confirmed by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I through which Transylvania had been transferred to Romania.

The tribunal that defined the maritime boundary between Suriname and Guyana in 2007 confirmed Surinamese sovereignty over the full width of the Courantyne River.

However, its recommendations were not favoured by either side and the interim boundary was confirmed formally in 1925, without changes from the 1920 demarcation lines.