It is monetary calculation of profits that indicates whether an enterprise has generated a net increase in consumer well being over true economic costs.

The close association that Mises draws between economic calculation and monetary calculation leads him to conclude that market prices ( upon which monetary profits are calculated ) are indispensable to progress in bettering the human condition.

To do its calculation, Interbrand estimates brand value on the basis of projected profits discounted to a present value.

* Certain assets, such as goodwill ( which broadly represents a company's ability to make future profits ), are not necessarily included on a balance sheet and so will not appear in an NAV calculation.

Nevertheless, the Allende administration introduced the idea of " excessive profits " into the calculation of indemnization for the mines.

If in any one calculation Ptolemy had had to invoke 83 epicycles all at once, while Copernicus never required more than one third this number, then ( in the sense obvious to Margenau ) Ptolemaic astronomy would be simpler than Copernican.

By rationalisation, Weber understood first, the individual cost-benefit calculation, second, the wider, bureaucratic organisation of the organisations and finally, in the more general sense as the opposite of understanding the reality through mystery and magic ( disenchantment ).

In this case, one has a contribution of from every point in space, resulting in a calculation of infinite zero-point energy in any finite volume ; this is one reason renormalization is needed to make sense of quantum field theories.

It was necessary to produce algebra in a more geometrical way, i. e. to give it a rigorous foundation and, on the other hand, it was necessary to give geometry a more algebraic sense, allowing the analytical calculation in the plane.

Although the inference seems to make sense, it is actually bad reasoning, and a calculation below will show that the chances they are a terrorist are actually near 1 %, not near 99 %.

Calculus ( from Latin calculus # Latin meaning ‘ pebble ’, plural calculī ) in its most general sense is any method or system of calculation.

A calculation shows that if one takes a random walk of length n, its loop-erasure has length of the same order of magnitude, i. e. n. Scaling accordingly, it turns out that loop-erased random walk converges ( in an appropriate sense ) to Brownian motion as n goes to infinity.

Often the term " backpropagation " is used in a more general sense, to refer to the entire procedure encompassing both the calculation of the gradient and its use in stochastic gradient descent.

Also, as a 1978 Risk Assessment Review Group Report to the NRC pointed out, it is " conceptually impossible to be complete in a mathematical sense in the construction of event-trees and fault-trees … This inherent limitation means that any calculation using this methodology is always subject to revision and to doubt as to its completeness.

Sometimes it is necessary to roughly calculate the square inch area of the opening but the calculation can usually be made with sufficient accuracy that it won't affect the final computation.

Although the Af calculation is obvious by analogy with that for gravitational field and osmotic pressure, it is interesting to confirm it by a method which can be generalized to include related effects.

Of course, in prudential calculation, in balancing the good directly intended and done against the evil unintended and indirectly done, no greater precision can be forthcoming than the subject allows.

There are typically three mathematical forms for the radial functions R ( r ) which can be chosen as a starting point for the calculation of the properties of atoms and molecules with many electrons.

Whenever any result is sought by its aid, the question will then arise — By what course of calculation can these results be arrived at by the machine in the shortest time?

All these phenomena, molecular absorption and radiation scattering, can result in artificially high absorption and an improperly high ( erroneous ) calculation for the concentration or mass of the analyte in the sample.

Since virtually every calculation in quantum mechanics involves vectors and linear operators, it can involve, and often does involve, bra-ket notation.

Informally the Church – Turing thesis states that if some method ( algorithm ) exists to carry out a calculation, then the same calculation can also be carried out by a Turing machine ( as well as by a recursively definable function, and by a λ-function ).

Church subsequently modified his methods to include use of Herbrand – Gödel recursion and then proved ( 1936 ) that the Entscheidungsproblem is unsolvable: There is no generalized " effective calculation " ( method, algorithm ) that can determine whether or not a formula in either the recursive-or λ-calculus is " valid " ( more precisely: no method to show that a well formed formula has a " normal form ").

In terms of fluxions, the above first rule of calculation can be written

Assuming that the rule is known, one can derive the function that is used above in the classical heat calculation with respect to pressure.

* An abacus was created sometime between 1000 BC and 500 BC, it later become a form of calculation frequency, nowadays it can be used as a very advanced, yet basic digital calculator that uses beads on rows to represent numbers.

The machine can only add the value of a column n + 1 to column n to produce the new value of n. Column N can only store a constant, column 1 displays ( and possibly prints ) the value of the calculation on the current iteration.

Specifically, the associativity and commutativity determine when repeated calculation can or cannot be avoided.

One can check one's calculation by employing both approaches, though it is important to be aware that most chemical species exist between the purely covalent and ionic extremes.

A mathematical calculation can determine if the number of patients is sufficient to detect a difference between treatment arms.

By calculation, therefore, with the exact position of particle A known, the exact position of particle B can be known.

* Where greater precision is desired, floating-point arithmetic can be implemented ( typically in software ) with variable-length significands ( and sometimes exponents ) that are sized depending on actual need and depending on how the calculation proceeds.

This argument, first proposed by Max Weber, says that the efficient exchange and use of resources can be maintained only through the price mechanism in free markets ( see economic calculation problem ).

* integration with blood glucose meters: Blood glucose data can be manually entered into the pump to support the bolus wizard for calculation of the next insulin bolus.

This rate can be quantified through the calculation and application of mass transfer coefficients for an overall process.

While the mathematics permits calculation of many quantities that can be measured experimentally, there is a definite theoretical limit to values that can be simultaneously measured.

This calculation results in an enthalpy rise which is somewhat high because it assumes a mass flow equally distributed over the plug cross section whereas in reality the mass velocity is expected to be smaller in the regions of higher temperatures.

indeed, that it would be limited to a finding of the total annual operating and capital costs of the business, followed by a calculation of this total in terms of annual cost per kilowatt-hour of consumption.

At each step of the calculation the operating variables of only one stage need be varied.

When Af has been found it may be transferred into the storage location of Af and the whole calculation repeated.

Presumably, if the reverse is the case and the good effect is more certain than the evil result that may be forthcoming, not only must the good and the evil be prudentially weighed and found proportionate, but also calculation of the probabilities and of the degree of certainty or uncertainty in the good or evil effect must be taken into account.

The 1976 definition of the astronomical unit was incomplete, in particular because it does not specify the frame of reference in which time is to be measured, but proved practical for the calculation of ephemerides: a fuller definition that is consistent with general relativity was proposed, and " vigorous debate " ensued until in August 2012 the International Astronomical Union adopted the current definition of 1 astronomical unit = 149597870700 meters.

For normal calculation a number zero is often needed, here most notably when calculating the number of years in a period that spans the epoch ; the end years need only be subtracted from each other.

Without a register like an accumulator, it would be necessary to write the result of each calculation ( addition, multiplication, shift, etc.

Sacrifice bunts ( sacrifice hits since 1954 ), which would lower a batter's on-base percentage, are not included in the calculation for on-base percentage, as bunting is an offensive strategy – often dictated by the manager – the use of which does not necessarily reflect on the batter's ability and should not be used to penalize him.

Share options for management of converting societies appear to be a powerful factor in management calculation.

This rule simplifies the calculation of winnings: a maximum pass odds bet on a 3-4-5X table will always be paid at six times the pass line bet regardless of the point.

Rough simulations of optical properties may be additionally employed: a simple calculation of the ray from the object to the point of view is made.

Even now, advanced radiosity calculations may be reserved for calculating the ambiance of the room, from the light reflecting off walls, floor and ceiling, without examining the contribution that complex objects make to the radiosity — or complex objects may be replaced in the radiosity calculation with simpler objects of similar size and texture.