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The cane toad has poison glands behind the eyes
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cane and toad
The cane toad ( Bufo marinus ), also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad which is native to Central and South America, but has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania and the Caribbean.
The cane toad is a prolific breeder ; females lay single-clump spawns with thousands of eggs.
The cane toad is an old species.
A fossil toad ( specimen UCMP 41159 ) from the La Venta fauna of the late Miocene of Colombia is indistinguishable from modern cane toads from northern South America.
The cane toad has poison glands, and the tadpoles are highly toxic to most animals if ingested.
Because of its voracious appetite, the cane toad has been introduced to many regions of the Pacific and the Caribbean islands as a method of agricultural pest control.
The cane toad is now considered a pest and an invasive species in many of its introduced regions ; of particular concern is its toxic skin, which kills many animals — native predators and otherwise — when ingested.
The cane toad has many other common names, including " giant toad " and " marine toad "; the former refers to its size and the latter to the binomial name, Bufo marinus.
Linnaeus based the specific epithet marinus on an illustration by Dutch zoologist Albertus Seba, who mistakenly believed the cane toad to inhabit both terrestrial and marine environments.
The subgenus Rhinella is increasingly considered to constitute a distinct genus of its own, thus changing the scientific name of the cane toad.
A light-coloured cane toad
These species can be distinguished from the cane toad by the absence of large parotoid glands behind their eyes and the lack of a ridge between the nostril and the eye.
In the United States, the cane toad closely resembles many bufonid species.
alt = A juvenile cane toad, showing many of the features of the adult toads, but without the large parotoid glands
The cane toad is very large ; the females are significantly longer than males, reaching an average length of.
The skin of the cane toad is dry and warty.
The juvenile cane toad is much smaller than the adult cane toad at long.
cane and has
The cane toad inhabits open grassland and woodland, and has displayed a " distinct preference " for areas that have been modified by humans, such as gardens and drainage ditches.
The cane toad has a high tolerance to water loss — one study showed some can withstand a 52. 6 % loss of body water, allowing them to survive outside tropical environments.
The density of the cane toad is significantly lower within its native distribution than in places where it has been introduced.
The cane toad has been introduced to many regions of the world — particularly the Pacific — for the biological control of agricultural pests.
Since then, the cane toad has become a pest in many host countries, and poses a serious threat to native animals.
Since its original introduction, the cane toad has had a particularly marked effect on Australian biodiversity.
More recently, the cane toad has been spotted in Carriacou and Dominica, the latter appearance occurring in spite of the failure of the earlier introductions.
The cane toad has since become abundant in rural and urban areas.
Other than the previously mentioned use as a biological control for pests, the cane toad has been employed in a number of commercial and noncommercial applications.
Cane toad skin has been made into leather and novelty items ; stuffed cane toads, posed and accessorised, have found a home in the tourist market, and attempts have been made to produce fertilizer from their bodies.
In 1991, farm workers in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, were infected by eating contaminated food ; transmission has also occurred via contaminated açaí palm fruit juice and sugar cane juice.
* In the series 6 episode " Let's Kill Hitler ", the Doctor has a sonic cane which appears to have the same functions as the sonic screwdriver.
Note that the English word jaggery, a coarse brown sugar made from date palm sap or sugar cane juice, has a similar etymological origin ; Portuguese xagara or jagara, derived from Malayalam cakkarā from the Sanskrit śarkarā.
He has an adventure in which he gets caught in a window-blind while exercising, and Snowbell, the family cat, places Stuart's hat and cane outside a mouse hole, panicking the family.
Promotion of farm mechanization has helped to alleviate labor shortages while increasing productivity ; both rice and sugar cane production are completely mechanized.
It is often lighter and shorter than the long cane, and has no use as a mobility tool.
In the United Kingdom, the white cane indicates that the individual has a visual impairment ; with two red bands added it indicates that the user is deafblind.
Originally a celebration signaling the end of the yearly sugar cane harvest, it has since evolved into a national festival rivaling New Orleans Mardi Gras and Trinidad Carnival in Trinidad.
Modeling echolocation in bats in darkness has led to a cane for the visually impaired.
The cane is more than a prop: a childhood bout with polio has caused him to walk with a limp.
cane and poison
Some examples include poison, makibishi, cane swords ( shikomizue ), land mines, fukiya ( blowguns ), poisoned darts, acid-spurting tubes, and firearms.
Major threats to their survival include the cane toad, predators, urban development and poison baiting.
It is believed that the western quoll once occupied 70 percent of Australia, but because of cane toads, predators, habitat destruction and poison baiting, it is now less abundant.
cane and glands
The skin of the adult cane toad is toxic, as well as the enlarged parotoid glands behind the eyes, and other glands across their backs.
Furthermore the cane toad, which secretes a poisonous liquid from glands in its ears, has also appeared on the island.
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