The cane toad has poison glands behind the eyes

The cane toad ( Bufo marinus ), also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad which is native to Central and South America, but has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania and the Caribbean.

The cane toad is a prolific breeder ; females lay single-clump spawns with thousands of eggs.

The cane toad is an old species.

A fossil toad ( specimen UCMP 41159 ) from the La Venta fauna of the late Miocene of Colombia is indistinguishable from modern cane toads from northern South America.

The cane toad has poison glands, and the tadpoles are highly toxic to most animals if ingested.

Because of its voracious appetite, the cane toad has been introduced to many regions of the Pacific and the Caribbean islands as a method of agricultural pest control.

The cane toad is now considered a pest and an invasive species in many of its introduced regions ; of particular concern is its toxic skin, which kills many animals — native predators and otherwise — when ingested.

The cane toad has many other common names, including " giant toad " and " marine toad "; the former refers to its size and the latter to the binomial name, Bufo marinus.

Linnaeus based the specific epithet marinus on an illustration by Dutch zoologist Albertus Seba, who mistakenly believed the cane toad to inhabit both terrestrial and marine environments.

The subgenus Rhinella is increasingly considered to constitute a distinct genus of its own, thus changing the scientific name of the cane toad.

A light-coloured cane toad

These species can be distinguished from the cane toad by the absence of large parotoid glands behind their eyes and the lack of a ridge between the nostril and the eye.

In the United States, the cane toad closely resembles many bufonid species.

alt = A juvenile cane toad, showing many of the features of the adult toads, but without the large parotoid glands

The cane toad is very large ; the females are significantly longer than males, reaching an average length of.

The skin of the cane toad is dry and warty.

The juvenile cane toad is much smaller than the adult cane toad at long.

The British introduced sugar cane which was to become the main crop and source of foreign trade, and slaves were brought from Africa to work on the sugar cane plantations.

Despite its failure to control the rodents, the cane toad was introduced to Puerto Rico in the early 20th century in the hope that it would counter a beetle infestation ravaging the sugarcane plantations.

Following the apparent success of the cane toad in eating the beetles threatening the sugarcane plantations of Puerto Rico, and the fruitful introductions into Hawaii and the Philippines, there was a strong push for the cane toad to be released in Australia to negate the pests that were ravaging the Queensland cane fields.

However, the toad was generally unsuccessful in reducing the targeted beetles, in part because the cane fields provided insufficient shelter for the predators during the day.

The cane toad was introduced to various Caribbean islands to counter a number of pests infesting local crops.

In 1920, the cane toad was introduced into Puerto Rico to control the populations of white-grub ( Phyllophaga spp.

A second group of toads was imported in 1923, and by 1932, the cane toad was well established.

The population of white-grubs dramatically decreased, and this was attributed to the cane toad at the annual meeting of the International Sugar Cane Technologists in Puerto Rico.

The six-year period after 1931 — when the cane toad was most prolific, and the white-grub saw dramatic decline — saw the highest-ever rainfall for Puerto Rico.

Nevertheless, the cane toad was assumed to have controlled the white-grub ; this view was reinforced by a Nature article titled " Toads save sugar crop ", and this led to large-scale introductions throughout many parts of the Pacific.

The cane toad was first introduced deliberately into the Philippines in 1930 as a biological control agent of pests in sugarcane plantations.

The introduction of the cane toad to the region was first suggested in 1933, following the successes in Puerto Rico and Hawaii.

The cane toad was successfully introduced into New Guinea to control the hawk moth larvae eating sweet potato crops.

A similar situation had previously arisen in the Australian cane fields, but this experience was either unknown or ignored in New Guinea.

It was still served as a beverage, but the Europeans added cane sugar to counteract the natural bitterness and removed the chili pepper while retaining the vanilla, in addition they added cinnamon as well as other spices.

Sugar cane was introduced to Hispaniola from the Canary Islands, and the first sugar mill in the New World was established in 1516, on Hispaniola.

Nicknamed the " Pearl of the Antilles ," it became the richest and most prosperous colony in the West Indies, with a slave society based on sugar cane production when demand for sugar was high in Europe.

The 40-year-old Brabham was annoyed by press stories about his age and, in a highly uncharacteristic stunt, at the Dutch Grand Prix he hobbled to his car on the starting grid before the race wearing a long false beard and leaning on a cane before going on to win the race.

The density of the cane toad is significantly lower within its native distribution than in places where it has been introduced.

The cane toad has been introduced to many regions of the world — particularly the Pacific — for the biological control of agricultural pests.

These introductions have generally been well documented, and the cane toad may be one of the most studied of any introduced species.

Before the early 1840s, the cane toad had been introduced into Martinique and Barbados, from French Guiana and Guyana.

Around 150 cane toads were introduced to Oahu in Hawaii in 1932, and the population swelled to 105, 517 after 17 months.

but it was not until after World War I that the white cane was introduced.

In many countries, including the UK, a cane is not generally introduced to a child until they are between 7 and 10 years old.

Cutter's book, Independent Movement and Travel in Blind Children, recommends a cane to be introduced as early as possible, so that the blind child learns to use it and move around naturally and organically, the same way a sighted child learns to walk.

* 1000 – The Arab Empire introduced agricultural innovations such as new forms of land tenure, improvements in irrigation, a variety of sophisticated irrigation methods, the introduction of fertilizers and widespread artificial irrigation systems, the development of gravity-flow irrigation systems from rivers and springs, the use of noria and chain pumps for irrigation purposes, the establishment of the sugar cane industry in the Mediterranean, and experimentation in sugar cultivation

Cultivation of sugar cane was quickly introduced by the exiled Jewish community which immigrated into Barbados from Dutch Brazil during the mid-17th century.

' Illini Hardy ' a semi-erect prickly cultivar introduced by the University of Illinois is cane hardy in zone 5, where traditionally blackberry production has been problematic, since canes often failed to survive the winter.

Sugar cane and grapes, key ingredients for beverage alcohol, were two of the earliest crops introduced into the New World but their use as source stocks for distillation was opposed by the Spanish Crown, fearing unrest from producers at home.

The introduced cane toad is present in the park, and may be competing with some of the native animals.