The model of this paper considers an industry which is not characterized by vigorous price competition, but which is so basic that its wage-price policies are held in check by continuous critical public scrutiny.

Emergentist theories, such as MacWhinney's competition model, posit that language acquisition is a cognitive process that emerges from the interaction of biological pressures and the environment.

This is to be contrasted with the model of perfect competition in which companies are " price takers " and do not have market power.

Most economic textbooks follow the practice of carefully explaining the perfect competition model, only because of its usefulness to understand " departures " from it ( the so-called imperfect competition models ).

Models of monopolistic competition are often used to model industries.

Using the propaganda model, Manufacturing Consent posits that corporate-owned news mass communication media — print, radio, television — are businesses subject to commercial competition for advertising revenue and profit.

In this model the firms move sequentially ( see Stackelberg competition ).

In this model the firms simultaneously choose quantities ( see Cournot competition ).

In this model the firms simultaneously choose prices ( see Bertrand competition ).

Hence, if firms are to produce at a level that equates marginal cost and marginal revenue, the model of perfect competition must include at least an infinite number of firms, each producing an output quantity of zero.

As noted above, an influential model of perfect competition in neoclassical economics assumes that the number of buyers and sellers are both of the power of the continuum, that is, an infinity even larger than the number of natural numbers.

As mentioned above, the perfect competition model, if interpreted as applying also to short-period or very-short-period behaviour, is approximated only by markets of homogeneous products produced and purchased by very many sellers and buyers, usually organized markets for agricultural products or raw materials.

In that matter, it is similar to the perfect competition model sometimes used in economics.

The model of prices being determined by supply and demand assumes perfect competition.

Production of the + 2B ( the only other model then still in production ) continued, as it was believed not to be in competition with other computers in Amstrad's product range.

In economics the DC preferred competition to cooperation, supported the model of social market economy and rejected the Marxist's idea of class struggle.

The social market economic model is based upon the idea of realizing the benefits of a free market economy, especially economic performance and high supply of goods, while avoiding disadvantages such as market failure, destructive competition, concentration of economic power and anti-social effects of market processes.

In the Oskar Lange's model of market socialism, prices would be determined by a government planning board through a trial-and-error approach until they equaled the marginal cost of production as to achieve perfect competition and pareto optimality.

Though his " Goblin " model lost out to competition from Hoover in the household vacuum market, his company successfully turned its focus to the industrial market, building ever-larger models for factories and warehouses.

" Industrial organization adds to the perfectly competitive model real-world frictions such as transaction costs, limited information, and barriers to entry of new firms that may be associated with imperfect competition.

Audi will switch from their A4 model and use the A5, Mercedes will use the Coupe version of their C-Class and BMW have announced their addition to the competition with their M3 Coupe.

The model of monopolistic competition states that distinctiveness will entail profits, but profits will promote imitation.

The size of the models ( and their clever packaging ) allowed Matchbox to occupy a market niche barely touched by the competition ( and certainly not by Dinky ); the associated price advantage made Matchbox models affordable for every child, and helped establish Matchbox as a household word for small model toy cars — whatever the brand.

In 1997, Samsø won a government competition to become a model renewable energy community.

The advent of the AWD turbo Audi Quattro gave the rear-wheel-drive, normally aspirated 190E rally car no chance of being successful and the competition car was stillborn.

It was also speculated that VW-Audi chairman Ferdinand Piëch wanted Audi's new Le Mans Prototype, the Audi R8 not to face competition from Porsche in 2004.

Early models ( 1999 – 2001 ) had which is said to be a de-tuned Audi TT engine, and was said to be reduced to lessen brand competition with the more powerful TT.

The all-new Audi R10 TDI won the 2006 edition of the race, the car's first ever run in competition.

The City car market in Europe in recent years has seen increased competition with the launch of the Toyota Yaris, Citroën C1 / Peugeot 107 / Toyota Aygo ( built in the same factory ), the Mercedes-Benz A-Class, aluminium Audi A2, Fiat Panda, Kia Picanto, Chevrolet Matiz, Volkswagen Fox, Smart ForTwo, Smart Forfour, Mitsubishi Colt, Ford Ka, BMW Mini Audi A1 and Fiat Nuova 500.

The Audi Quattro was the first rally car to take advantage of the then-recently changed rules which allowed the use of four-wheel drive in competition racing.

Over the years the M3 and M5 have become the benchmark vehicle against which most sport sedans in its class are compared despite fierce competition from Mercedes-AMG and Audi quattro GmbH.

Due to the longevity of its nameplate and undisputed position at the top of BMW's midsize lineup, the M5 remains one of the best known sport sedans, despite competition from Mercedes-AMG and Audi quattro GmbH.

Concerns have been raised regarding the steering feel and weight, though, as evidenced by Car and Driver placing the M5 last in a three-way competition against the Mercedes E63 AMG and Audi S6, both of which also have biturbo V8 engines.

The factory never intended to race the F40, but the car saw competition as early as 1989 when it debuted in the Laguna Seca round of the IMSA, appearing in the GTO category, with a LM evolution model driven by Jean Alesi, finishing third to the two faster spaceframed four wheel drive Audi 90 and beating a host of other factory backed spaceframe specials that dominated the races.

This belief was shattered when Audi launched a competition car in 1980, the Turbocharged and 4WD Quattro.

In response to the new level of competition, development of the successor, known as the Audi R10 TDI, has been completed.

In spite of competition from the likes of Mazda MX-5, BMW Z3 and Audi TT, the MG F still proved fairly popular.

The 1983 season was considerably more successful for the 037: Lancia took the 1983 World Rally Championship Constructors ' title with Germany's Walter Röhrl and Finland's Markku Alen its principal drivers, despite serious competition from the 4WD Audi Quattro.

For the 1984 Constructors ' title defence, Lancia introduced an Evolution 2 version of the 037 with improved engine power, but this was not enough to stem the tide of 4WD competition, losing to Audi in both 1984 Championships, and again to the 4WD Peugeot 205 T16 in its final works season in 1985.

In late 1993, a 115 PS 2. 5 L turbodiesel has been added to the range, increasing Safrane's attractiveness, yet it faced tough competition from the likes of Audi's direct-injection diesel of the same size, introduced a few months later in the Audi 100.

Biela was selected to lead the team ; alongside team-mate John Bintcliffe, the new Audi team dominated the competition.

A second place in the championship followed in 1984, behind his team-mate Stig Blomqvist, but 1985 saw him compete in only four world rallies, with three retirements and a fourth place, and slip to 22nd in the final standings after the Audi team was overwhelmed by new Group B competition from Peugeot and Lancia.