Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many fields, including electronics, information theory, digital communications, radio communications, signal processing, and spectroscopy.

The concept of the feedback loop to control the dynamic behavior of the system: this is negative feedback, because the sensed value is subtracted from the desired value to create the error signal, which is amplified by the controller.

A slightly earlier, surprisingly reliable version of the same concept was to bundle a sequence of audio digital " signal " and " no signal " information ( i. e. " sound " and " silence ") on magnetic cassette tape for use with early home computers.

The threshold concept was discussed by Murray G. Crosby ( inventor of Crosby system for FM Stereo ) who pointed out that for wide band FM to provide better signal to noise ratio, the signal should be above a certain threshold, according to his paper published in Proceedings of the IRE in 1937.

While circuit switching is commonly used for connecting voice circuits, the concept of a dedicated path persisting between two communicating parties or nodes can be extended to signal content other than voice.

The concept can be understood as normalizing the noise level to 1 ( 0 dB ) and measuring how far the signal ' stands out '.

* The concept of intercept point has no meaning for strongly nonlinear systems, such as when an output signal is clipped due to limited supply voltage.

The basic concept of the Marr-Albus theory is that the climbing fiber serves as a " teaching signal ", which induces a long-lasting change in the strength of synchronously activated parallel fiber inputs.

* Noise figure, a concept in radar signal processing

Furthermore, the Kalman filter is a widely applied concept in time series analysis used in fields such as signal processing and econometrics.

Similarly, in digital signal processing, the same concept is represented as a function on ( the integers ):

Rayleigh fading is the specialised model for stochastic fading when there is no line of sight signal, and is sometimes considered as a special case of the more generalised concept of Rician fading.

* The spectral edge frequency of a signal is an extension of the previous concept to any proportion instead of two equal parts.

The concept and use of the power spectrum of a signal is fundamental in electrical engineering, especially in electronic communication systems, including radio communications, radars, and related systems, plus passive sensing technology.

The latter feature is often overlooked but was in fact just as significant as the tilting concept, because it enabled the train to stop within the existing signal spacings.

Under this concept, it has become a world leader in the development of low-noise receivers ; large parabolic-dish antennas ; tracking, telemetry, and command systems ; digital signal processing ; and deep space navigation.

Drumming is, of course, as ancient as the concept of formed military units, and their original purpose on the battlefield was to signal tactical movements and keep cadence on the march.

These ideas can also be linked to the concept of " efference copy " and " re-afference ", where efference copy is a signal postulated to be directed from motor areas ( giving rise to an internally generated movement ) over to somatosensory cortex, in advance of the arrival of the " re-afferent " input from the moving limb, that is, the afferent return from the moving limb associated with the movement produced.

The concept of deconvolution is widely used in the techniques of signal processing and image processing.

However, the concept of coherent states has been considerably generalized, to the extent that it has become a major topic in mathematical physics and in applied mathematics, with applications ranging from quantization to signal processing and image processing ( see Coherent states in mathematical physics ).

Because signals and other causal influences cannot travel faster than light ( see special relativity and spooky action at a distance ), the light cone plays an essential role in defining the concept of causality-for a given event E, the set of events that lie on or inside the past light cone of E would also be the set of all events that could send a signal that would have time to reach E and influence it in some way.

The concept of the Universal Queue standardizes the processing of communications across multiple technologies such as fax, phone, and email whilst the concept of a Virtual queue provides callers with an alternative to waiting on hold when no agents are available to handle inbound call demand. A typical call centre telephone.

However, the SGML concept of generalized markup is based on elements ( nested annotated ranges with attributes ) rather than merely print effects, with also the separation of structure and processing ; HTML has been progressively moved in this direction with CSS.

The Amstrad PCW's bundled word processing software, LocoScript, used the term " in limbo " to refer to files which had been deleted but which could still be restored, a concept similar to that later implemented by the Trash in the Apple Macintosh and the Recycle Bin in Microsoft Windows 95.

The " top-down " processing refers to a person's concept and expectations ( knowledge ) that influence perception.

*** Text processing differences, such as the concept of capitalization which exists in some scripts and not in others, different text sorting rules, etc.

Network elements belonging to the same Operator but located in different areas ( a typical situation where assignment of local licenses is a common practice ) pair depends on the switch and its location. Hence, software changes and a greater processing capability are required, but furthermore this situation could introduce the fairly new concept of roaming on a per MSC basis instead of per Operator basis.

Durham, however, confides in Maria that he does not believe the insectoid creatures will ever seriously consider the concept of a creator and intends to use Maria's slice of the universe's processing power ( as a founder of the world she was given de facto control of a continuously-growing zone of the processor network as well ) to make forbidden first contact with the life of Planet Lambert.

The basic processing unit of the design is called a macroblock, and H. 261 was the first standard in which the macroblock concept appeared.

One of the most significant events that occurred in the programming was the development of the concept of list processing by Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon and Cliff Shaw during the development of the language IPL-V.

Variations of this concept include " merchant account slamming " or " credit card processing slamming " where a business's debit / credit processing terminal are reprogrammed so that charges are processed through a different company, and " Domain slamming " where an Internet domain name registrar is changed.

* Orientation ( computer vision ), an image processing concept related to one-dimensional characterization of a local image

Convolution is the basic concept in signal processing that states an input signal can be combined with the system's function to find the output signal.

Recognizing that the Rule of Law is `` a dynamic concept which should be employed not only to safeguard the civil and political rights of the individual in a free society '', the Congress asserted that it also included the responsibility `` to establish social, economic, educational and cultural conditions under which his legitimate aspirations and dignity may be realized ''.

The force vector concept of Fig. 6 can readily be applied to this condition also.

While the Arrhenius concept is useful for describing many reactions, it is also quite limited in its scope.

It also serves as an exceptional introduction to the concept and use of argumentative language, lending itself well to secondary and post-secondary essay courses.

The concept of algorithm is also used to define the notion of decidability.

In philosophy, religion, mythology, and fiction, the afterlife ( also referred to as life after death, or Hereafter ) is the concept of a realm, or the realm itself ( whether physical or transcendental ), in which an essential part of an individual's identity or consciousness continues to reside after the death of the body in the individual's lifetime.

Woolfson, a songwriter and composer, was working as a session pianist ; he had also composed material for a concept album idea based on the work of Edgar Allan Poe.

A grant application to build a proof of concept prototype was submitted in March 1939 to the Agronomy department which was also interested in speeding up computation for economic and research analysis.

The concept of timē included not only the exaltation of the one receiving honor, but also the shaming of the one overcome by the act of hubris.

Most traffic classes also introduce the concept of Cell Delay Variation Tolerance ( CDVT ), which defines the " clumping " of cells in time.

This calculation also includes an allowance for light-time correction, and is therefore analogous to the concept of planetary aberration.

Existentialist philosophers such as Sartre, as well as continental philosophers such as Hegel and Heidegger have also written extensively on the concept of being.

Schaefer ’ s concept of " vocality " offers neither a compromise nor a synthesis of the views which see the poem as on the one hand Germanic, pagan, and oral and on the other Latin-derived, Christian, and literate, but, as stated by Monika Otter: "... a ' tertium quid ', a modality that participates in both oral and literate culture yet also has a logic and aesthetic of its own.

Further themes are also present: the " sovereign freedom of Yahweh " ( God does not always do what is expected of him ); the " satirisation of foreign kings " ( who consistently underestimate Israel and Yahweh ); the concept of the " flawed agent " ( judges who are not adequate to the task before them ) and the disunity of the Israelite community ( which gathers pace as the stories succeed one another ).

The concept of the balalaika orchestra was adopted wholeheartedly by the Soviet government as something distinctively proletarian ( that is, from the working classes ) and was also deemed progressive.

Though the notion of a German blitzkrieg concept or doctrine survive in popular consciousness and popular literature, and many professional historians also still support the thesis.

The concept of zero ( which was also called " cipher "), which we all now think of as natural, was alien to medieval Europe, so confusing and ambiguous to common Europeans that in arguments people would say " talk clearly and not so far fetched as a cipher ".

Complications occurs for terms such as UFO, which literally means " unidentified flying object " but connotes alien spacecraft, a concept also associated with some conspiracy theories, and thus possessing a certain social stigma.

But only when a more centralized English monarchy emerged following the Norman invasion, and when the kings of England attempted to assert power over the land and its peoples, did the modern concept emerge, namely of a crime not only as an offence against the " individual ", but also as a wrong against the " State ".

The French philosopher Voltaire was also influenced by Confucius, seeing the concept of Confucian rationalism as an alternative to Christian dogma.

John Sladek used the concept to humorous ends in his first novel The Reproductive System ( 1968, also titled Mechasm in some markets ), where a U. S. military research project goes out of control.

He also doubts the concept that cultural agents are passive receivers of information.

The element air also appears as a concept in the Buddhist religion which has an ancient history in China.

The concept of being relatively prime can also be extended to any finite set of integers S =

The US Air Force's first operational surface-to-surface missile was the winged, mobile, nuclear-capable MGM-1 Matador, also similar in concept to the V-1.