" Referring to the argument as the "' Kalam ' cosmological argument ", Duncan asserts that it " received its fullest articulation at the hands of Muslim and Jewish exponents of Kalam (" the use of reason by believers to justify the basic metaphysical presuppositions of the faith ).

Thomas Aquinas ( c. 1225 – 1274 ), a theologian in Medieval Europe, adapted the argument he found in his reading of Aristotle and Avicenna to form one of the most influential versions of the cosmological argument.

A version of the cosmological argument could be stated as follows:

In light of the Big Bang theory, a stylized version of argument has emerged ( sometimes called the Kalam cosmological argument, the following form of which was created by Al-Gazali and then strongly supported by William Lane Craig ):

" He formulated the cosmological argument succinctly: " Why is there something rather than nothing?

As a general trend, the modern slants on the cosmological argument, including the Kalam argument, tend to lean very strongly towards an in fieri argument.

David Hume and later Paul Edwards have invoked a similar principle in their criticisms of the cosmological argument.

Some cosmologists and physicists argue that a challenge to the cosmological argument is the nature of time: " One finds that time just disappears from the Wheeler – DeWitt equation " ( Carlo Rovelli ).

* Kalām cosmological argument

* Version of the cosmological argument preemting all rebuttals by Yusuf Mullan

* Articles on the cosmological argument by William Lane Craig

* Articles on the cosmological argument by Alexander Pruss

* Articles on the cosmological argument by Timothy O ' Connor

* Articles on the atheistic cosmological argument by Quentin Smith and others

Thomas Hobbes – a 17th century deist and important influence on subsequent deists – used the cosmological argument for the existence of God at several places in his writings.

Instead, under the influence of Locke and Newton, deists turned to natural theology and to arguments based on experience and Nature: the cosmological argument and the argument from design.

Anaxagoras is famous for introducing the cosmological concept of Nous ( mind ), as an ordering force.

I support the cosmological hypothesis which states that the development of the universe is repeated in its basic features an infinite number of times.

Thus there are alignments in all directions which would suggest there is little of astronomical significance, However, ethnohistorical records show that the various directions do have cosmological and astronomical significance with various points in the landscape being significant at different times of the year.

In one of two stanzas in the poem Grímnismál that mentions the bridge, Grímnir ( the god Odin in disguise ) provides the young Agnarr with cosmological knowledge, including that Bilröst is the best of bridges.

The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the early development of the Universe.

The cosmological principle states that on large scales the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic.

If the large-scale Universe appears isotropic as viewed from Earth, the cosmological principle can be derived from the simpler Copernican principle, which states that there is no preferred ( or special ) observer or vantage point.

It is popularly reported that Hoyle, who favored an alternative " steady state " cosmological model, intended this to be pejorative, but Hoyle explicitly denied this and said it was just a striking image meant to highlight the difference between the two models.

Cosmologists therefore invoke a yet unexplored form of energy called dark energy ( dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to accelerate the expansion of the universe ) which account for certain cosmological observations mostly related to " accelerating expansion of Universe ".

The standard cosmological model is known as the ΛCDM model.

As a rule of thumb, a scattering or a decay process is cosmologically important in a certain cosmological epoch if the time scale describing that process is smaller or comparable to the time scale of the expansion of the universe, which is with being the Hubble constant at that time.

One is that there is no compelling reason, using current particle physics, to expect the universe to be flat, homogeneous and isotropic ( see the cosmological principle ).

Steven Weinberg and a number of string theorists ( see string landscape ) have used this as evidence for the anthropic principle, which suggests that the cosmological constant is so small because life ( and thus physicists, to make observations ) cannot exist in a universe with a large cosmological constant, but many people find this an unsatisfying explanation.

In the current cosmological epoch, the accelerated expansion due to dark energy is preventing structures larger than superclusters from forming.

In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation or just inflation is the theorized extremely rapid exponential expansion of the early universe by a factor of at least 10 < sup > 78 </ sup > in volume, driven by a negative-pressure vacuum energy density.

Objects beyond the cosmological horizon are moving away so fast that light ( or other electromagnetic radiation ) is unable to reach the observer.

In the Timaeus, Plato's major cosmological dialogue, the Platonic solid he associated with fire was the tetrahedron which is formed from four triangles and contains the least volume with the greatest surface area.

In the Timaeus, his major cosmological dialogue, the Platonic solid associated with air is the octahedron which is formed from eight equilateral triangles.

Water is one of the elements in ancient Greek philosophy, in the Asian Indian system Panchamahabhuta, and in the Chinese cosmological and physiological system Wu Xing.

In the Timaeus, his major cosmological dialogue, the Platonic solid associated with water is the icosahedron which is formed from twenty equilateral triangles.

The core ideas of the Big Bang — the expansion, the early hot state, the formation of helium, and the formation of galaxies — are derived from many observations that are independent from any cosmological model ; these include the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background, large scale structure, and the Hubble diagram for Type Ia supernovae.

Bondi and Thomas Gold used the Copernican principle to argue for the perfect cosmological principle which maintains that the universe is also homogeneous in time, and is the basis for the steady-state cosmology.

However, this strongly conflicts with the evidence for cosmological evolution mentioned earlier: the Universe has progressed from extremely different conditions at the Big Bang, and will continue to progress toward extremely different conditions, particularly under the rising influence of dark energy, apparently toward the Big Freeze or Big Rip.

Heaven, the Heavens or Seven Heavens, is a common religious, cosmological, mythological, or metaphysical term for the physical or transcendent place from which heavenly beings ( such as a God, angels, the jinn, and sky deities like King or Queen of Heaven, Heavenly Father, Heavenly Mother, Son of Heaven, heavenly saints or venerated ancestors ) originate, are enthroned or inhabit.

* In cosmology, lambda is the symbol for the cosmological constant.

Some of the earliest recorded speculations linked mind ( sometimes described as identical with soul or spirit ) to theories concerning both life after death, and cosmological and natural order, for example in the doctrines of Zoroaster, the Buddha, Plato, Aristotle, and other ancient Greek, Indian and, later, Islamic and medieval European philosophers.

They also face the common problem that, as yet, there is no way to put quantum gravity predictions to experimental tests, although there is hope for this to change as future data from cosmological observations and particle physics experiments becomes available.

This leads many to believe that there is at least one metastable solution that is quantitatively identical with the standard model, with a small cosmological constant, containing dark matter and a plausible mechanism for cosmic inflation.

Second, special relativity fits with and solves for elementary particles and their interactions, whereas general relativity solves for the cosmological and astrophysical realm ( including astronomy ).

In cosmology, solving for the history of the universe is done by calculating R as a function of time, given k and the value of the cosmological constant Λ, which is a ( small ) parameter in Einstein's field equations.

The ancient Chinese viewed natural calamities as cosmological punishments for misdeeds that were perpetrated by the Chinese ruler or his subordinates on earth.

This for a true cosmological constant, and is generally different for alternative time-varying forms of vacuum energy such as quintessence.

Einstein included the cosmological constant as a term in his field equations for general relativity because he was dissatisfied that otherwise his equations did not allow, apparently, for a static universe: gravity would cause a universe which was initially at dynamic equilibrium to contract.

Another investigation found the cosmological time, dt, diverges for any finite interval, ds, associated with an observer approaching the cosmological horizon, representing a physical limit to observation for the standard model when the cosmological term is included.