The data is often found to contain considerable variability, or noise, and thus Hidden Markov model and change-point analysis methods are being developed to infer real copy number changes.

In mid-December, the FBI contacted Rudy Rucker, Jr., owner of MonkeyBrains, and requested a copy of the keylogged data.

As implemented on the VIC-20 and Commodore 64, CBM DOS could transfer only about 300 bytes per second-compare the 300 baud data rate of the Commodore cassette storage system-which translated to about 20 minutes to copy one disk — 10 minutes of reading time, and 10 minutes of writing time.

The pregroove is not destroyed when the data are written to the CD-R, a point which some copy protection schemes use to distinguish copies from an original CD.

Each entry has a datum ( a nugget ( piece ) of data )-a copy of the same datum in some backing store.

For example, CP / M used a command syntax similar to RT-11's, and even retained the awkward PIP program used to copy data from one computer device to another.

A data warehouse maintains a copy of information from the source transaction systems.

In most interframe systems, certain frames ( such as " I frames " in MPEG-2 ) aren't allowed to copy data from other frames, and so require much more data than other frames nearby.

Digital rights management systems which prevent unauthorized use or reproduction of copyrighted material and protect software against reverse engineering ( see also copy protection ) are another somewhat different example of using encryption on data at rest.

File viewers do not edit files, yet it is common for them to be able to save data in a different file format, or to copy information from the viewed file to the system-wide clipboard.

Kepler planned to test his theory from Mysterium Cosmographicum based on the Mars data, but he estimated that the work would take up to two years ( since he was not allowed to simply copy the data for his own use ).

By " open access " to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself.

These include MIDI filters, which remove unwanted MIDI data from the stream, and MIDI delays, effects which send a repeated copy of the input data at a set time.

Rovi Corporation is a United States-based company that provides guidance technology, entertainment data, copy protection, industry standard networking and media management technology for digital entertainment devices and services.

Three of the antagonists in the 1998 movie The Big Lebowski are explicitly described as " nihilists ;" and the 1999 film The Matrix portrays the character Thomas A. Anderson with a hollowed out copy of Baudrillard's treatise, Simulacra and Simulation, in which he stores contraband data files under the chapter " On Nihilism.

Computerized instruments often keep a copy of the " raw data " from sensors before processing, which is the ultimate defense against processing bias, and similarly scientific standards require preservation of the original unenhanced " raw " versions of images used as research data.

The " data break " method moved some of common logic needed to implement DMA I / O from each I / O device into one common copy of the logic within the processor.

* ROM image, a computer file which contains a copy of the data from a read-only memory chip

In addition to serializing directly to files, includes the < tt > freeze </ tt > function to return a serialized copy of the data packed into a scalar, and < tt > thaw </ tt > to deserialize such a scalar.

This allowed complex disk-based software copy protection, by storing data on half tracks ( 0, 1, 2. 5, 3. 5, 5, 6 ...), quarter tracks ( 0, 1, 2. 25, 3. 75, 5, 6 ...), and any combination thereof.

A more trivial approach is to write a program that will make a copy of any stream of data that it is directed to, and then direct it at itself.

Although the matter has not been unequivocally demonstrated, the available data show that micelles in themselves do not contribute significantly to the detergency process.

Third, the process of calcification is seen to begin later and to continue much longer for these boys than for the girls, a fact which confirms data for other groups of children.

Algorithms are essential to the way computers process data.

Whenever the observer's learning process ( which may be a predictive neural network-see also Neuroesthetics ) leads to improved data compression such that the observation sequence can be described by fewer bits than before, the temporary interestingness of the data corresponds to the number of saved bits.

Reduction of jitter ( and also end-to-end round-trip delays ) is particularly important when carrying voice traffic, because the conversion of digitized voice into an analogue audio signal is an inherently real-time process, and to do a good job, the decoder ( codec ) that does this needs an evenly spaced ( in time ) stream of data items.

The process to produce firing data this is sometimes called technical fire control.

An abstraction can be seen as a process of mapping multiple different pieces of constituent data to a single piece of abstract data based on similarities in the constituent data, for example many different physical cats map to the abstraction " CAT ".

The data obtained from the evaporative process is however not without artefacts that form the physical evaporation or ionisation process.

The actual process of analyzing and interpreting data is referred to as computational biology.

Where at least one process in one device is able to send / receive data to / from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network.

After the execution of the instruction and writeback of the resulting data, the entire process repeats, with the next instruction cycle normally fetching the next-in-sequence instruction because of the incremented value in the program counter.

Whereas a scalar CPU must complete the entire process of fetching, decoding, and executing each instruction and value in a set of data, a vector CPU can perform a single operation on a comparatively large set of data with one instruction.

Some printers can process all three types of data, others not.

However, in the 1990s it rapidly became the dominant set of methods of phylogenetics in evolutionary biology, because computers made it possible to process large quantities of data about organisms and their characteristics.

Computer systems generally consist of three main parts, the central processing unit ( CPU ) to process data, main memory to hold the data to be processed, and a variety of peripherals to communicate that data with the outside world.

The engineering margin that was reserved for manufacturing tolerance has been used for data capacity instead, leaving no tolerance for manufacturing ; for these discs to be truly compliant with the Orange Book standard, the manufacturing process must be perfect.

An important aspect of the census process is to evaluate the quality of the data.

When words can be used in a more fresh and primitive way so that they strike with the force of sights and sounds, when tones of sound and colors of paint and the carven shape all strike the sensibilities with an undeniable force of data in and of themselves, compelling the observer into an attitude of attention, all this imitates the way experience itself in its deepest character strikes upon the door of consciousness and clamors for entrance.

In the field of the natural sciences, scientifically verified data are quite readily available and any discussion can be shortened with good results.

From the resulting data the doctor can determine lung defects with hitherto unknown accuracy and detail.

By the use of various weights, data for a force-rate of shear graph can be obtained.

The flux of micrometeorites in the neighborhood of the Earth can be estimated by extrapolation from radar and visual meteor data.

The length of the arrow indicates amount of slowing or acceleration at Completion over that at Onset, and the difference in months can be read roughly by referring the arrow to the age scale along the base of each figure, or more precisely by referring to the original data in the appropriate tables.

It supplies local data which are useful in administration and which can be used as a basis for intensive studies in particular situations.

The quality of the census data can, therefore, be greatly improved by the use of the registration records in conjunction with the field inquiries.

What matters is that while Fromm's reading of the data is not the only one possible, it is precisely the one we would expect from a writer who earnestly believes that every man can and ought to be happy and satisfied.

The point is that in a system such as Fromm's which recognizes unconscious motivations, and which rests on certain ethical absolutes, empirical data can be used to support whatever proposition the writer is urging at the moment.

In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, " When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology.

Precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures.

Astronomy is sometimes promoted as one of the few remaining sciences for which amateurs can still contribute useful data.

With more advanced equipment, but still cheap in comparison to professional setups, amateur astronomers can measure the light spectrum emitted from astronomical objects, which can yield high-quality scientific data if the measurements are performed with due care.

This algorithm is often more numerically reliable than the naïve algorithm for large sets of data, although it can be worse if much of the data is very close to but not precisely equal to the mean and some are quite far away from it.

One benefit is that the statistical moment calculations can be carried out to arbitrary accuracy such that the computations can be tuned to the precision of, e. g., the data storage format or the original measurement hardware.

According to the Jargon File, American hackers switched to what they later discovered to be the British quotation system because placing a period inside a quotation mark can change the meaning of data strings that are meant to be typed character-for-character.

The term array is often used to mean array data type, a kind of data type provided by most high-level programming languages that consists of a collection of values or variables that can be selected by one or more indices computed at run-time.

This data can be stored uncompressed, or compressed to reduce the file size.