This case is often seen as effectively closing the door on the practice of involuntary deprogramming in the United States.

In the 1974 case of Kathy Crampton, whose abduction and deprogramming were televised nationally, she went back to the Love Family group several days after the apparently successful deprogramming.

The effectiveness, ethics and legality of deprogramming has been questioned by scholars, as well as by members of the Christian countercult movement.

Numerous testimonies by those who were subjected to a deprogramming describe how they were threatened with a gun, beaten, denied sleep and food and / or sexually assaulted.

But one does not have to rely on the victims for stories of violence: Ted Patrick, one of the most notorious deprogrammers used by CAGs ( who has spent several terms in prison for his exploits ) openly boasts about some of the violence he employed ; in November 1987, Cyril Vosper, a Committee member of the British cult-awareness group, FAIR, was convicted in Munich of " causing bodily harm " in the course of one of his many deprogramming attempts ; and a number of similar convictions are on record for prominent members of CAGs elsewhere.

In Colombrito vs. Kelly, the Court accepted the definition of deprogramming by J.

The Dialog Center International ( DCI ) a major Christian counter-cult organization founded in 1973 by a Danish professor of missiology and ecumenical theology, Dr. Johannes Aagaard rejects deprogramming, believing that it is counterproductive, ineffective, and can harm the relationship between a cult member and concerned family members.

Professor of psychiatry Saul Levine suggests that it is doubtful that deprogramming helps many people and goes on to say that it actually causes harm to the victim by very nature of the deprogramming.

During the 1990s, deprogrammer Rick Ross was sued by Jason Scott, a former member of a Pentecostal group called the Life Tabernacle Church, after an unsuccessful deprogramming attempt.

During the 1990s, Rick Ross, a noted cult intervention advocate who took part in a number of deprogramming sessions, was sued by Jason Scott, a former member of a Pentecostalist group called the Life Tabernacle Church ( part of United Pentecostal Church International ), after an unsuccessful forcible deprogramming.

However, the practice of deprogramming fell out of favor in the West and was largely superseded by exit counseling.

* The Cult Awareness Network ( CAN ) was driven into bankruptcy in 1996 in part by a number of Scientology-related lawsuits ( CAN had also been held liable for over $ 1 million in damages for the kidnapping and abusive deprogramming of a member of the Life Tabernacle Church, a church unaffiliated with Scientology ).

There are at least three ways people leave a NRM: 1 ) by one's own decision, 2 ) through expulsion and 3 ) or through intervention ( Exit counseling, deprogramming ).

Exit counseling is distinguished from deprogramming by the fact that it is a voluntary procedure, that the follower is treated with respect, can leave any time, and that the decision to stay with the group or leave it is wholly up to the follower and will be accepted by the exit counselor.

The terms " exit counseling " and " deprogramming " are not always clearly distinguished and at times consciously used interchangeably, especially by critics of the practices who disagree with the basic assumptions.

A succession of new titles and accompanying terms have likewise responded politically to the need felt by many professionals to distance themselves from the title " deprogrammer " and the term " deprogramming ".

Also in fiction and especially in films and TV, there are many examples of getting someone out of a cult by deprogramming and virtually none using exit counseling.

One of the controversial activities promulgated by some protagonists was known as deprogramming – a form of counter-brainwashing.

The deprogramming was done by Ford Greene.

Nevertheless, deprogramming helped to free many individuals held captive to destructive cults at a time when other alternatives did not seem viable.

Sometimes the word deprogramming is used in a wider ( and / or ironic or humorous sense ), to mean the freeing of someone ( often oneself ) from any previously uncritically assimilated idea.

There has never been any standard deprogramming procedure and the descriptions vary greatly.

He called the new procedure " deprogramming.

The actual deprogramming takes place when it is deemed possible to " pick up " the cult member, and when it is convenient for the deprogrammer.

* Beginning in the 1970s, many parents responded to the initial conversion with " deprogramming.

" The essence of deprogramming was to physically abduct the convert, isolate him and physically restrain him, and barrage him with continuous arguments and attacks against his new religion, threatening to hold him forever until he agreed to leave it.

Legal scholar Dean M. Kelley called deprogramming " protracted spiritual gang-rape "

Sylvia Buford, an associate of Ted Patrick who has assisted him on many deprogrammings, described five stages of deprogramming ( Stoner, C., & Parke, J.

Joseph Szimhart, a former deprogrammer, says " until 1992, in a low percentage of my cases, included situations in which families elected to confine and sometimes abduct a ' cultist ' to a deprogramming.

The deprogramming accounts vary a lot regarding the use of force, with the most dramatic accounts coming from deprogrammed people who returned to the group.

Steven Hassan in his book Releasing the Bonds spoke decidedly against coercive deprogramming methods using force or threats.

The deprogramming process begins with abduction.

Frequently, however, the initial deprogramming only last a few days.

And we have to admit that we have met former members who have related to us their deprogramming experience – several of handcuffs, weapons wielded and sexual abuse.

: While advocates of the deprogramming position have claimed high rates of success, studies show that natural attrition rates actually are higher than the success rate achieved through deprogramming.

One of the A.L.A.M. lawyers observed that if the Selden case had been tried under this simplified procedure, the testimony which filled more than a score of volumes, `` at a minimum cost of $1 a page for publication alone, could have been contained in one volume ''.

Under the federal Holidays Act, Canada Day is observed on July 1 unless that date falls on a Sunday, in which case July 2 is the statutory holiday, although celebratory events generally take place on July 1 even though it is not the legal holiday.

In this case study, researchers observed a Danish software company in the midst of new creating new software with usability in mind.

While many designs achieved the aim of higher throughput at lower cost and also allowed high-level language constructs to be expressed by fewer instructions, it was observed that this was not always the case.

In the case of an electron, if it is initially " observed " at a particular slit, then the observer – particle ( photon – electron ) interaction includes information about the electron's position.

Richard Lynn makes the case for nutrition, arguing that cultural factors cannot typically explain the Flynn effect because its gains are observed even at infant and preschool levels, with rates of IQ test score increase about equal to those of school students and adults.

They proposed – among others – that in a fully competitive economic environment ( as they thought was the case of ecosystems ) the most potent individuals would thrive and in turn society would prosper ( in analogy to the observed biodiversity and abundance of life on earth ).

12 is only in the design of the experiment: in one case, one has decided in advance to try twelve times ; in the other, to keep trying until three successes are observed.

However, equal transit time is not accurate and the fact that this is not generally the case can be readily observed.

In general, mitochondrial DNA lacks introns, as is the case in the human mitochondrial genome ; however, introns have been observed in some eukaryotic mitochondrial DNA, such as that of yeast and protists, including Dictyostelium discoideum.

Contrary to this belief among the anti-evolution movement proponents, evolution of life forms beyond the species level (" macroevolution ", i. e. speciation in a specific case ) has indeed been observed multiple times under both controlled laboratory conditions and in nature.

k is a variable, in this case the number of occurrences of the phenomenon actually observed from a particular sample.

In this case, a frequency-dependence of the susceptibility can be observed.

However, using the case of potassium as an example, it was also observed that while a dim blue light was enough to cause a current, even the strongest, brightest red light available with the technology of the time caused no current at all.

Being exterior to the individual person, social facts may thus also exercise coercive power on the various people composing society, as it can sometimes be observed in the case of formal laws and regulations, but also in situations implying the presence of informal rules, such as religious rituals or family norms.

Often, a fix for a problem will be " fragile " in that it fixes the problem in the narrow case where it was first observed but not in more general cases which may arise over the lifetime of the software.

William Westgarth ’ s 1864 book on the colony of Victoria observed ; " the case of the Aborigines of Victoria confirms … it would seem almost an immutable law of nature that such inferior dark races should disappear.

Shot noise is easily observable in the case of photomultipliers and avalanche photodiodes used in the Geiger mode, where individual photon detections are observed.

In the latter case the function is called the " likelihood function " of the parameter, and indicates how likely a parameter value is in light of the observed outcome.

Other, more complex relationships have been observed as a consequence of mutated AR ; some mutations associated with male phenotypes have been linked to male breast cancer, prostate cancer, or in the case of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, disease of the central nervous system.

" In fact one modern scholar has observed in Bacchylides a general tendency towards imitation, sometimes approaching the level of quotation: in this case, the eagle simile in Ode 5 may be thought to imitate a passage in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter ( 375 – 83 ), and the countless leaves fluttering in the wind on " the gleaming headlands of Ida ", mentioned later in the ode, recall a passage in Iliad ( 6. 146 – 9 ).

* 1841: First documented case of decompression sickness occurs, reported by a mining engineer who observed pain and muscle cramps among coal miners working in mine shafts air-pressurized to keep water out.

Each of the major German churches has its own festivals for commemorating the dead, observed in November: All Souls Day in the case of the Roman Catholic Church, Ewigkeitssonntag or " Eternity Sunday " in the case of the Lutheran church.