Various atoms and molecules as depicted in John Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 ), one of the earliest scientific works on atomic theory

Some of the earliest attempts to apply scientific methods to the study of phenomena relating to an afterlife were conducted by this organization.

The earliest pioneers of chemistry and the scientific method, were medieval Arab and Persian scholars.

He presented his rational and scientific arguments in the form of Arabic fiction, hence his Theologus Autodidactus may be considered amongst the earliest science fiction work.

His earliest scientific work is related to spinels and other minerals.

Christiaan Huygens ( 1657 ) gave the earliest known scientific treatment of the subject.

One of the earliest voyages of scientific exploration was organized by Spain in the Malaspina Expedition of 1789-1794.

Cros was a poet of meager means, not in a position to pay a machinist to build a working model, and largely content to bequeath his ideas to the public domain free of charge and let others reduce them to practice, but after the earliest reports of Edison's presumably independent invention crossed the Atlantic he had his sealed letter of April 30 opened and read at the December 3, 1877 meeting of the French Academy of Sciences, claiming due scientific credit for priority of conception.

He is sometimes credited, mainly starting in the 19th century, as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method inspired by the works of Aristotle and later pseudo-Aristotelian works, like the works of Muslim scientist Alhazen.

The earliest scientific paper recorded in the MEDLINE database as containing the specific term signal transduction was published in 1972.

Although this concept of the circulatory system is greatly flawed, it represents one of the earliest accounts of scientific thought.

The earliest mention of a confirmed ALC / domestic cross was in 1934 in a Belgian scientific journal, and in 1941, a Japanese cat publication printed an article about one that was kept as a pet.

The English physician Sir Thomas Browne ( 1605 – 82 ) was one of the earliest scientists to adhere to the scientific empiricism of the Baconian method.

The earliest scientific surveys in France were called the Cassini maps after the family who produced them over four generations.

Astronomical photography is one of the earliest types of scientific photography and almost from its inception it diversified into subdisciplines that each have a specific goal including star cartography, astrometry, stellar classification, photometry, spectroscopy, polarimetry, and the discovery of astronomical objects such as asteroids, meteors, comets, variable stars, novae, and even unknown planets.

His scientific interests are attested by his letter to Hypatia, in which occurs the earliest known reference to a hydrometer, and by a work on alchemy in the form of a commentary on pseudo-Democritus.

The discipline of documentation science, which marks the earliest theoretical foundations of modern information science, emerged in the late part of the 19th Century in Europe together with several more scientific indexes whose purpose was to organize scholarly literature.

A brief tract on comic metres ( De comicis dimensionibus ) and a work De causis linguae Latinae ( Lyon, 1540 ; Geneva, 1580 ), which was the earliest Latin grammar founded on scientific principles and following a scientific method, were his only other purely literary works published in his lifetime.

He presented his rational and scientific arguments in the form of Arabic fiction, hence his Theologus Autodidactus may be considered the earliest science fiction work.

Notably, his efforts represent one of the earliest attempts to combine the scientific understanding and reasoning of the West with the Buddhist religion of the East.

The earliest usage of the term ' scientific romance ' is thought to be in 1845, by critics describing Robert Chambers ' Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, a speculative natural history published in 1844, and was used again in 1851 by the Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal and Literary Review in reference to Thoman Hunt's Panthea, or the Spirit of Nature.

One of the earliest writers to be described in this way was French astronomer and writer Camille Flammarion, whose Recits de l ' infini and La fin du monde have both been described as scientific romances.

Walter Cannon and Hans Selye used animal studies to establish the earliest scientific basis for the study of stress.

The earliest scientific observation and study dates to the 1880s ; the determination and observation of plant hormones and their identification was spread-out over the next 70 years.

Wells's earliest specialised training was in biology, and his thinking on ethical matters took place in a specifically and fundamentally Darwinian context.

Within the space of these tendencies there has developed a coherent critique of " orthodox Marxism " that includes not only a rejection of the concept of " the transition " but a reconceptualization of the process of transcending capitalism that has remarkable similarities to ( Peter ) Kropotkin's thinking on this subject ... Thus one of the earliest political tendencies within which this approach appeared after the Russian revolution of 1917 was that of " Council Communism " which saw the " workers councils " in Germany ( see Bavarian Soviet Republic ), or the soviets in Russia, as new organizational forms constructed by the people.

Some of the earliest thinking about possible biological bases of personality grew out of the case of Phineas Gage.

Just as the eye perceives colours and the ear sounds, so thinking perceives ideas .” A consistent thread that runs from his earliest philosophical phase through his later spiritual orientation is the goal of demonstrating that there are no essential limits to human knowledge.

This permits voluntary recall of mimetic representations, without the aid of external cues – probably the earliest form of representational thinking.

He was taken 150 miles to Fort Smith, Arkansas for treatment ( his earliest memories post-accident were there ), where he stayed three months, trying to recover from symptoms of double vision, confused thinking, impaired sense of taste and smell, and other problems.

The earliest national birth control organization was founded in England in 1877 as a result of his thinking and activities.

From the earliest he had believed the Viet Cong would have to engage 1 ATF in a major battle if they wished to retain control of Phuoc Tuy and this interpretation may have fitted his earlier thinking.

Fender's biographer, Richard Streeton, notes that this suggests that " Fender's experiments were frowned upon from his earliest days but that already there was never any shortage of ideas in his cricket thinking.

The earliest historical records of Anatolia stem from the south east of the region, and are from the Mesopotamian based Akkadian Empire during the reign of Sargon of Akkad in the 24th century BC.

Dating back to 1932, " Tollywood " was the earliest Hollywood-inspired name, referring to the Bengali film industry based in Tollygunge, Calcutta, whose name is reminiscent of " Hollywood " and was the center of the cinema of India at the time .< ref name = Sarkar >

According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BCE, is the " world's earliest form of consequentialism, a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of intrinsic goods taken as constitutive of human welfare.

He ascribes the origin to the 1208 Battle of Fellin, not the Battle of Lyndanisse in 1219, based on the earliest source available about the story.

He would eventually release some of the earliest rap LPs, which was especially unique for being west-coast based, but they were less popular than his singles.

Anagnostis Agelarakis based on recent archaeo-anthropological discoveries of the earliest monumental polyandrion ( communal burial of male warriors ) at Paros Island in Greece, unveils a last quarter of the 8th century BC date for a hoplitic phalangeal military organization.

The earliest known member of a Hittite speaking dynasty, Pithana, was based at the city of Kussara.

Among the earliest kingdoms known to have been based in what is now Malaysia is the ancient empire of Langkasuka, located in the northern Malay Peninsula and based somewhere in Kedah.

In dealing with ' The Sorcerer ", the earliest evidence claimed, Murray based her observations on a drawing by Henri Breuil, which modern scholars such as Ronald Hutton claim is inaccurate.

The earliest designs of keyboards were based heavily on the notes used in Gregorian chant ( the seven diatonic notes plus B-flat ) and as such would often include B and B both as diatonic " white notes ," with the B at the leftmost side of the keyboard and the B at the rightmost.

According to scholarly consensus, the earliest example of an administrative meritocracy, based on civil service examinations, dates back to Ancient China.

According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BC, is the " world's earliest form of consequentialism, a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of intrinsic goods taken as constitutive of human welfare.

Fears of a Spanish Avignon based on the strength of his relationship with the Emperor as his former tutor and regent proved baseless, and Adrian left for Italy at the earliest opportunity, making his solemn entry into Rome on 29 August.

The earliest surviving record of sunspot observation dates from 364 BC, based on comments by Chinese astronomer Gan De in a star catalogue.

Mike Parker Pearson, leader of the Stonehenge Riverside Project based at Durrington Walls, noted that Stonehenge appears to have been associated with burial from the earliest period of its existence:

Mesopotamia is generally considered to be the location of the earliest civilization or complex society, meaning that it contained cities, full-time division of labor, social concentration of wealth into capital, unequal distribution of wealth, ruling classes, community ties based on residency rather than kinship, long distance trade, monumental architecture, standardized forms of art and culture, writing, and mathematics and science.

He built some of the earliest Gregorian telescopes, observed the rotations of Mars and Jupiter and, based on his observations of fossils, was an early proponent of biological evolution.

The earliest pioneering work on NiMH batteries — essentially based on sintered Ti < sub > 2 </ sub > Ni + TiNi + x alloys for the negative electrode and NiOOH-electrodes for the positives — was performed at the Battelle-Geneva Research Center starting after its invention in 1967.

The earliest musical adaptation of the play was an anonymous ballad farce based on Charles Johnson's Cobbler of Preston ( 1716 ).

He first investigated the rate of decrease in mean temperature with the increase in elevation above sea level, and afforded, by his inquiries regarding the origin of tropical storms, the earliest clue to the detection of the more complicated law governing atmospheric disturbances in higher latitudes ; while his essay on the geography of plants was based on the then novel idea of studying the distribution of organic life as affected by varying physical conditions.

The title is a corruption of " melodrama ", thought to harken back to the earliest minstrel shows, as a film short based on a production of Uncle Tom's Cabin by the Disney characters.

Artwork based on Sheridan le Fanu's Carmilla, one of the earliest influential works of vampire literature. Vampire literature covers the spectrum of literary work concerned principally with the subject of vampires.

Historians until recently agreed that before 3000 BC the political life of the city was headed by a priest-king ( ensi ) assisted by a council of elders and based on these temples, but some more recent authors have asserted that the cities had secular rulers from the earliest times.

In earliest Greek philosophy, the cosmogony of Anaximander is based on these mythical beliefs.