Another effect discovered is the large coefficient of thermal diffusion tending to separate nitrogen from the oxygen when temperature differences straddling the nitrogen dissociation region are present.

Following observation of the fact that the reaction rates of supposedly identical reaction mixtures prepared on the same filling manifold and exposed under identical conditions often differed by several hundred per cent, a systematic series of experiments was undertaken to see whether the difficulty could be ascribed to the method of preparing the chlorine, to the effects of oxygen or moisture or to the effect of surface to volume ratio in the reaction tubes.

This effect is partly offset by the involvement of carotenoids in photoinhibition, and in algae and cyanobacteria, by large amount of iodide and selenium, which involves these antioxidants reacting with over-reduced forms of the photosynthetic reaction centres to prevent the production of reactive oxygen species.

This effect is readily seen by the effervescence of oxygen.

The carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopes are in effect one nucleus that goes through a number of transformations in an endless loop.

In the process of oxidative phosphorylation, which is the principal energy-generating process undertaken by organisms, which need oxygen to survive, other membrane-bound and-soluble complexes and cofactors are involved in the chain of redox reactions, with the additional net effect that protons ( H < sup >+</ sup >) are transported across the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Rainforests are widely believed by laymen to contribute a significant amount of world's oxygen, although it is now accepted by scientists that rainforests contribute little net oxygen to the atmosphere and deforestation has only a minor effect on atmospheric oxygen levels .< ref > Broeker, Wallace S. ( 2006 ).

*** Low partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs when switching from inhaled anesthesia to atmospheric air, due to the Fink effect, or diffusion hypoxia.

This decrease in hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen by the binding of carbon dioxide and acid is known as the Bohr effect ( shifts the O < sub > 2 </ sub >- saturation curve to the right ).

A reduction in the total binding capacity of hemoglobin to oxygen ( i. e. shifting the curve down, not just to the right ) due to reduced pH is called the root effect.

Pasteur also discovered anaerobiosis, whereby some micro-organisms can develop and live without air or oxygen, called the Pasteur effect.

A helium-oxygen breathing gas is often used by deep-sea divers at depths of seawater over 55 m ( 180 ft ) to keep the diver from experiencing oxygen toxemia, the lethal effect of high-pressure oxygen, and nitrogen narcosis, the distracting narcotic effect of the nitrogen in air beyond this partial-pressure threshold.

The noble gases, except helium and probably neon, as well as nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen cause a decrement in mental function, but their effect on psychomotor function ( processes affecting the coordination of sensory or cognitive processes and motor activity ) varies widely.

Pasteur showed that by bubbling oxygen into the yeast broth, cell growth could be increased, but fermentation was inhibited – an observation later called the " Pasteur effect ".

Although the bed-sharing infants spent some parts of the night with their airways ( both mouth and nose ) covered, " no consistent effect on either oxygen saturation levels or heart rate was revealed, even during prolonged bouts of airway covering.

Although hemoglobin, the blood protein that carries oxygen, is weakly diamagnetic ( when oxygenated ) or paramagnetic ( when deoxygenated ) the magnets used in magnetic therapy are many orders of magnitude too weak to have any measurable effect on blood flow.

Altitude sickness — also known as acute mountain sickness ( AMS ), altitude illness, hypobaropathy, or soroche — is a pathological effect of high altitude on humans, caused by acute exposure to low partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude.

This is due to an effect that prolonged training in high altitudes has upon the oxygen transport system of the blood.

Humidity has a small but measurable effect on sound speed ( causing it to increase by about 0. 1 %- 0. 6 %), because oxygen and nitrogen molecules of the air are replaced by lighter molecules of water.

Mechanisms which break polymer chains are familiar to biologists because of their effect on DNA: ionizing radiation ( most commonly ultraviolet light ), free radicals, and oxidizers such as oxygen, ozone, and chlorine.

For lawyers, reflecting perhaps their parochial preferences, there has been a special fascination since then in the role played by the Supreme Court in that transformation -- the manner in which its decisions altered in `` the switch in time that saved nine '', President Roosevelt's ill-starred but in effect victorious `` Court-packing plan '', the imprimatur of judicial approval that was finally placed upon social legislation.

By now he was undergoing a fresh torrent of abuse from Tory papers and pamphlets, and action was being taken to effect his punishment by expulsion from Parliament.

Then, in some way, this lack of faith in the cavalry became mixed up in his mind with the dragging effect of wagon trains and was hardened into a prejudice.

One effect of the spirited give-and-take of these discussions was to focus attention on practical applications and the necessity of being armed with the facts: knowledge of the destructive force of even the tiniest `` tactical '' atomic weapon would have a bearing on judgments as to the advisability of its use -- to defend Berlin, for example ; ;

He was not sure what effect it would have, but that was really beside the point when you got right down to it.

The air was cooler here, and the lacy pattern of the trees threw a dappled shadow on the grass, an effect which he found pleasant.

Alex told her that there was no hurry for their breakfasts, trying at the same time to effect a speedy separation of the persons before and behind him.

The doctor shot down to the lavatory and turned the doorknob, but to no effect: the lavatory was occupied.

Again among those jubilantly reunited bunkmates, I was shy with Jessie and acted as I had during those early Saturday mornings when we all seemed to be playing for effect, to be detached and unconcerned with the girls who were properly our dates but about whom, later, in the privacy of our bunks, we would think in terms of the most elaborate romance.

She was wearing her dark hair in two, thick braids to attain an `` American Girl '' effect she thought was appropriate to Halloween.

This increase was sufficient to overcome the effect on net income of higher costs of manufacture and increased expenditures on research and development.

The resulting magnetic effect proved stronger than when the discharge was made lengthwise.

-- Although there was some variation in results which must be attributed either to trace impurities or to variation in wall effects, the photochemical exchange in the gas phase was sufficiently reproducible so that it seemed meaningful to compare the reaction rates in different series of reaction tubes for the purpose of obtaining information on the effect of chlorine concentration and of carbon tetrachloride concentration on the reaction rate.

The overall effect was probably to stimulate more party activity in the communal elections than might have otherwise taken place.

If this seems arbitrary, its effect was to treat citizens of the District of Columbia equally with citizens of the states -- at the expense of expanding a troublesome jurisdiction.

Since this type of item was not in the statute when section 381 was enacted in 1954, one cannot say with certainty what effect the enactment of that section should have.

The following month the invasion of Italy was begun, and Roosevelt gave effect to his warning by consenting to the stockpiling of poison gas in southern Italy.

This had a pleasant effect upon the Sunday gate receipts as well as upon the intake of the rail and bus companies, some of which began to offer special excursion rates, including seats at the park, just as the trolley and ferry companies had when baseball was new.

It was thrilling to see the effect of an American-trained teacher on Japanese students in a class in Home Planning.

And listening to such a conversation one morning while taking a cup of chocolate in a cafe, Rousseau found himself bathed in perspiration, trembling lest his authorship become known, and at the same time dreaming of the startling effect he would make if he should proclaim himself suddenly as the composer.

The inhibition of the enzyme by very low concentrations of lanthanum ion is probably the strongest known biological effect of rare earth salts.

However, if the excited atom has been previously ionized, in particular if one of its inner shell electrons has been removed, a phenomenon known as the Auger effect may take place where the quantity of energy is transferred to one of the bound electrons causing it to go into the continuum.

Anomalous operation, also known as anomalous perturbation, is any paranormal phenomena in which it is said that an individual ( a ) uses Psi ( parapsychology ) to influence a physical event, or ( b ) to effect a physical change, in object.

Ring modulation, also known as amplitude modulation, is an effect made famous by Doctor Who's Daleks and commonly used throughout sci-fi.

The reverse effect is known as impact ionization.

The net effect of variations can also be determined by shooting at an accurately known point, a process called ' registration '.

cAMP exerts this effect by binding the transcription factor CRP, also known as CAP.

This particular effect is known as annual aberration or stellar aberration, because it causes the apparent position of a star to vary periodically over the course of a year.

This phenomenon, known as gravity darkening or the von Zeipel effect, was confirmed for Altair by measurements made by the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer in 2001, and analyzed by Ohishi et al.

Lloyd George and the Conservative leader Andrew Bonar Law wrote a joint letter of support to candidates to indicate they were considered the official Coalition candidates – this " coupon " as it became known was issued against many sitting Liberal MPs, often to devastating effect, though not against Asquith himself.

It is so well known for this side effect that it has given rise to the expression " mad as a hatter ".

All known forms of life are based on the same fundamental biochemical organisation: genetic information encoded in DNA, transcribed into RNA, through the effect of protein-and RNA-enzymes, then translated into proteins by ( highly similar ) ribosomes, with ATP, NADH and others as energy sources, etc.

This phenomenon arising due to the nature of charge carriers in the conductor came to be known as the Hall effect, but it was not properly explained at the time, since the electron was experimentally discovered 18 years later.

The Coen Brothers are known for using this technique in all of their films, though not always to comedic effect.

The members of this group are known as catnip or catmint because of their effect on cats — the nepetalactone contained in nepeta binds to the olfactory receptors of cats, typically resulting in temporary euphoria.

Chicano performance art blends humor and pathos for tragi-comic effect as shown by Los Angeles ' comedy troupe Culture Clash and Mexican-born performance artist Guillermo Gomez-Pena and Nao Bustamante is a Chicana Artist known internationally for her conceptual art pieces and as a participant in Work of Art: The next Great Artist produced by Sarah Jessica Parker.

The Viking siege of Paris ( 885 – 6 A. D .) “ saw the employment by both sides of virtually every instrument of siege craft known to the classical world, including a variety of catapults ,” to little effect, resulting in failure.

These devices work on the principle known as the magnetocaloric effect.

The radiation converts to heat which causes global warming, which is better known as the greenhouse effect.

The term is best known as a mechanical effect, and is used as an analogy to a falling row of dominoes.

However, this argument has been described as an example of the fallacy of a statistical confounding effect ; it is now known that a herpesvirus, potentiated by HIV, is responsible for AIDS-associated KS.

The OED defines all classical uses of the word " whom " in situations where the indirect object is not known – in effect, indicating the anonymity of the indirect object.

With one third of the game ( 9 levels ) distributed as shareware, Doom was played by an estimated 10 million people within two years of its release, popularizing the mode of gameplay and spawning a gaming subculture ; as a sign of its effect on the industry, games from the mid-1990s boom of first-person shooters are often known simply as " Doom clones ".

This effect, known as precession, causes the coordinates of stationary celestial objects to change continuously, if rather slowly.