A test mass displaced perpendicularly from the central line would feel a force pulling it back towards the equilibrium point.

If each mass point has the mass, the tension of the string is, the separation between the mass points is and are the offset of these points from their equilibrium points ( i. e. their position on a straight line between the two attachment points of the string ) the vertical component of the force towards point is

3 would have no effect on equilibrium quantities demanded, since the budget line would rotate around the corner of the indifference curve.

The consumer surplus ( individual or aggregated ) is the area under the ( individual or aggregated ) demand curve and above a horizontal line at the actual price ( in the aggregated case: the equilibrium price ).

In fact, expectations would determine the nature of the equilibrium attained, reversing the line of causation posited by rational expectations theorists.

At extreme cosmological distances, the property of mechanical equilibrium in surfaces lateral to the line of sight can be empirically tested ; however, under the assumption of the cosmological principle, it cannot be detected parallel to the line of sight ( see timeline of the universe ).

Although the forces balance at these points, the first three points ( the ones on the line between a certain large mass ( e. g. a star ) and a smaller, orbiting mass ( e. g. a planet )) are not stable equilibrium points.

The flat line portion of the isotherm now corresponds to liquid-vapor equilibrium.

The structure is notable for its simplicity and equilibrium, its harmony of line and proportion, and the almost total absence of ornamentation.

A horizontal line ( isotherm or tie line ) can be drawn through any such system point, and intersects the curve for each phase at its equilibrium composition.

At equilibrium, they will be lined up under gravity with the center of buoyancy vertically on a line with, ( and preferably above ) the center of mass.

The red line on the predominance diagram is not quite horizontal due to the simultaneous equilibrium with the chromate ion.

An important difference between the two structures is that the arrangement of the lateral line organs are such that they are sensitive to relative motion of the fluid surrounding the animal, whereas the labyriths, having very similar sensing mechanisms, are sensitive to endolymph, providing information concerning the animal's own equilibrium of the body and orientation in space

Its equilibrium line altitude was at an elevation of 200 m ( 660 ft ) above sea level.

It should be noted that the 662 keV line shown is actually produced by < sup > 137 </ sup > Ba < sub > m </ sub >, the decay product of < sup > 137 </ sup > Cs, which is in secular equilibrium with < sup > 137 </ sup > Cs.

If these two curves are multiplied, and another line superimposed on the graph to show a small Ik leak current ( outward ), then the interplay between these inward ( I t Window ) and outward ( small Ik leak ), three equilibrium points are seen at − 90, − 70 and − 60 mv, − 90 and − 60 being stable and − 70 unstable.

They then floated upward a few kilometres to their equilibrium altitude.

In hydrostatic equilibrium, the pressure of a fluid can depend only on altitude, not on horizontal displacement.

So the force pushing the balloon upwards diminishes with altitude and at some particular altitude the upwards force will equal the weight of the balloon: the balloon will be stable in a finite equilibrium altitude range for long periods.

This is interesting for it combines both the thermodynamic concept of a minimum Gibbs function for equilibrium and minimum mechanical potential energy for equilibrium.

Specimens are allowed to reach moisture equilibrium with a standard atmosphere of Af and Af and then laid out without tension on a flat, polished surface, care being taken that the fabric is free from wrinkles or creases.

The equilibrium constant K is an expression of the equilibrium concentrations of the molecules or the ions in solution.

Experimentally, it is found that all spontaneous processes ( including chemical reactions ) result in a decrease in G as they proceed toward equilibrium.

This ensures that ΔG and ΔH are nearly the same over a considerable range of temperatures and justifies the approximate empirical Principle of Thomsen and Berthelot, which states that the equilibrium state to which a system proceeds is the one which evolves the greatest amount of heat, i. e. an actual process is the most exothermic one.

Although allenes often require specialized syntheses, the parent, propadiene is produced on a large scale as an equilibrium mixture with methylacetylene:

An arbitrage equilibrium is a precondition for a general economic equilibrium.

A reducing end of a carbohydrate is a carbon atom that can be in equilibrium with the open-chain aldehyde or keto form.

The beauty of his argument is that the final result does not depend upon which forces are involved in setting up the dynamic equilibrium.

Dynamic equilibrium is established because the more that particles are pulled down by gravity, the greater is the tendency for the particles to migrate to regions of lower concentration.

It had been pointed out previously by J. J. Thomson in his series of lectures at Yale University in May 1903 that the dynamic equilibrium between the velocity generated by a concentration gradient given by Fick's law and the velocity due to the variation of the partial pressure caused when ions are set in motion " gives us a method of determining Avogadro's Constant which is independent of any hypothesis as to the shape or size of molecules, or of the way in which they act upon each other ".

The force due to surrounding water is known to be normal to the surface of the water because a liquid in equilibrium cannot support shear stresses.

That is, equilibrium is attained.

If rotation is arrested, the energy stored in fashioning the concave surface must be dissipated, for example through friction, before an equilibrium flat surface is restored.

In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both reactants and products are present at concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time.

This process is called dynamic equilibrium.

A burette, an apparatus for carrying out e. g. acid-base titration, is an important part of equilibrium chemistry.

The equilibrium position of a reaction is said to lie " far to the right " if, at equilibrium, nearly all the reactants are consumed.

Over time, he developed an approach known as structural functionalism, which focused on how institutions in societies worked to balance out or create an equilibrium in the social system to keep it functioning harmoniously.

and the ratio of the rate constants is also a constant, now known as an equilibrium constant.

In addition, ordinary matter is not strong enough to support a hollow shape of planetary size against the force of gravity ; a planet-sized hollow shell with the known, observed thickness of the Earth's crust, would not be able to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium with its own mass and would collapse.

However, 90482 Orcus, 28978 Ixion and many other Kuiper belt objects are large enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium ; most of these candidates will probably qualify when more is known about them.

Such mechanisms of rapid speciation can reflect a mechanism of evolutionary change known as punctuated equilibrium, which suggests that evolutionary change and in particular speciation typically happens quickly after interrupting long periods of stasis.

However a result known as the Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu theorem suggests that the assumptions that must be made to ensure that the equilibrium is stable and unique are quite restrictive.

Recent work in international relations suggests that punctuated equilibrium can also be used to describe the pattern of change and innovation in a cluster of international organizations known as a regime complex.

Some evolutionary biologists have argued that while punctuated equilibrium was " of great interest to biology ", it merely modified neo-Darwinism in a manner that was fully compatible with what had been known before.

Over the course of millions of years, these protostars settle down into a state of equilibrium, becoming what is known as a main sequence star.

The net forces equaling zero is known as the first condition for equilibrium, and the net torque equaling zero is known as the second condition for equilibrium.

Hydrostatics, also known as fluid statics, is the study of fluids at rest ( i. e. in static equilibrium ).

While some evolutionary biologists claim that speciation events have remained relatively constant over time, some palaeontologists such as Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould have argued that species usually remain unchanged over long stretches of time, and that speciation occurs only over relatively brief intervals, a view known as punctuated equilibrium.

For two bodies known to be at the same temperature, if one seeks to decide if they will be in thermal equilibrium when put into thermal contact, it is not necessary to actually bring them into contact and measure any changes of their observable properties in time.

The intensity of light illuminating the object is known ( from its distance to the Sun ), and one assumes that most of its surface is in thermal equilibrium ( usually not a bad assumption for an airless body ).

A transfer function ( also known as the system function or network function ) is a mathematical representation, in terms of spatial or temporal frequency, of the relation between the input and output of a linear time-invariant system with zero initial conditions and zero-point equilibrium.

However, this equilibrium is unstable and since the universe is known to be inhomogeneous on smaller scales, R must change, according to general relativity.

A set of such correct stable expectations is known as a Nash equilibrium.

In economics, a deadweight loss ( also known as excess burden or allocative inefficiency ) is a loss of economic efficiency that can occur when equilibrium for a good or service is not Pareto optimal.

A factor that keeps population size at equilibrium is known as a regulating factor.

In ancient Rome the auguria were considered to be in equilibrium with the sacra (" sacred things " or " rites ") and were not the only way by which the gods made their will known.

All other known moons the size of Miranda and above have lapsed into a rounded ellipsoid under hydrostatic equilibrium.