On motion of the Amici Curiae, the court directed that a ruling be obtained from the Commissioner of Internal Revenue as to the federal income tax consequences of the Government's plan.

A flood of federal lower court injunctions seriously impeded the processes of local government.

In 1913 an abortive provision was made for the stay of federal injunction proceedings upon institution of state court test cases.

Its enforcement was enjoined by a federal trial court.

The Lincoln Mills decision authorizes a whole new body of federal `` common law '' which, as Mr. Justice Frankfurter pointed out in dissent, leads to one of the following `` incongruities '': `` ( ( 1 ) conflict in federal and state court interpretations of collective bargaining agreements ; ;

Congress has not clearly defined the bounds between state and federal court competence.

It would also probably mean different things within the same state -- depending upon what court ( state or federal ) rendered decision.

Litigants who choose to assert federal claims in a state court go into that court subject to its rules of procedure.

The charge that the federal indictment of three Chicago narcotics detail detectives `` is the product of rumor, combined with malice, and individual enmity '' on the part of the federal narcotics unit here was made yesterday in their conspiracy trial before Judge Joseph Sam Perry in federal District court.

In the federal courts, the parties ' names always stay in the same order as the lower court when an appeal is taken to the circuit courts of appeals, and are re-ordered only if the appeal reaches the Supreme Court.

For example, a criminal defendant may be convicted in state court, and lose on " direct appeal " to higher state appellate courts, and if unsuccessful, mount a " collateral " action such as filing for a writ of habeas corpus in the federal courts.

Similar to federal post-conviction relief, an appellant can petition the court to correct alleged fundamental errors that were not corrected on direct review.

In the U. S. federal court system, criminal defendants must file a notice of appeal within 10 days of the entry of either the judgment or the order being appealed, or the right to appeal is forfeited.

In the United States, both state and federal appellate courts are usually restricted to examining whether the lower court made the correct legal determinations, rather than hearing direct evidence and determining what the facts of the case were.

In most U. S. states, and in U. S. federal courts, parties before the court are allowed one appeal as of right.

In the federal system, Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32 ( i )( 4 ) provides that the court must " address the defendant personally in order to permit the defendant to speak or present any information to mitigate the sentence.

* 1958 – A United States federal court rules that poet Ezra Pound be released from an insane asylum.

Arbor Day reached its height of popularity on its 125th anniversary in 1997, when David J. Wright, noticed that a Nebraska nonprofit organization called the National Arbor Day Foundation had taken the name of the holiday and commercialized it for their own use as a trademark for their publication " Arbor Day ," so he countered their efforts, launched a website, and trademarked it for " public use celebrations " and defended the matter in a federal district court in the United States to ensure it was judged as property of the public domain, the case was settled in October 1999.

The terms of the Artistic License 1. 0 were at issue in a 2007 federal district court decision in the US which was criticized by some for suggesting that FOSS-like licenses could only be enforced through contract law rather than through copyright law, in contexts where contract damages would be difficult to establish.

On appeal, a federal appellate court " determined that the terms of the Artistic License are enforceable copyright conditions ".

In 2005, a California federal court ruled that a group alleging that anthroposophy is a religion for Establishment Clause purposes did not provide any legally admissible evidence in support of this view ; the case is under appeal.

According to Robert Longley, " Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies, the U. S. court system and the U. S. military onto the Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than ever before.

The politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.

The politics of Canada function within a framework of parliamentary democracy and a federal system of parliamentary government with strong democratic traditions.

For most purposes, most jurisdictions, including the U. S. federal system and most states, have merged the two courts.

With the transition from English law, which had common law crimes, to the new legal system under the U. S. Constitution, which prohibited ex post facto laws at both the federal and state level, the question was raised whether there could be common law crimes in the United States.

Canada's system, described below, avoids regional variability of federal law by giving national jurisdiction to both layers of appellate courts.

The United States federal government ( as opposed to the states ) has a variant on a common law system.

Before 1938, the federal courts, like almost all other common law courts, decided the law on any issue where the relevant legislature ( either the U. S. Congress or state legislature, depending on the issue ), had not acted, by looking to courts in the same system, that is, other federal courts, even on issues of state law, and even where there was no express grant of authority from Congress or the Constitution.

Both sides publicly call for the resolution of intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system ( Greek Cypriot position ) or confederate system ( Turkish Cypriot position ) of government.

Politics of the Union of the Comoros takes place in a framework of a federal presidential republic, whereby the President of the Comoros is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.

The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act created a federal system, in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the States — the evolved status of the colonies.

The United States has a federal system in which a person is a citizen of their specific state of residence, such as New Jersey or California, as well as a citizen of the United States.

The only types of records that are disclosed as being in the system are those of " federal prisoners who are in custody pending criminal proceedings.

In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision.

* An Ottawa, Canada-based international organization for federal countries that share best practices among countries with that system of government

The American legal system includes both state courts and federal courts.

Districts are based roughly on the geographic divisions of the federal court system.

Hoover entered office with a plan to reform the nation's regulatory system, believing that a federal bureaucracy should have limited regulation over a country's economic system.

On 25 April 1963, the federal system of government was abolished and in line with this the name of the country was changed to the Kingdom of Libya to reflect the constitutional changes.

The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States ' First Transcontinental Railroad, which was completed in 1869.

In federal courts in the United States, arraignment takes place in two stages.

Eleven southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America (" the Confederacy "); the other 25 states supported the federal government (" the Union ").

Victory for the North meant the end of the Confederacy and of slavery in the United States, and strengthened the role of the federal government.

* 1927 – The Federal Industrial Institute for Women opens in Alderson, West Virginia, as the first women's federal prison in the United States.

Category: United States federal civil rights legislation

It extended citizenship to every person born in the United States ( except Indians on reservations ), penalized states that did not give the vote to freedmen, and most importantly, created new federal civil rights that could be protected by federal courts.

Andrew Johnson appointed nine Article III federal judges during his presidency, all to United States district courts.

Though the U. S. federal government has no official language, English is the common language used by the federal government and is considered the de facto language of the United States because of its widespread use.

In the federal government, the executive branch, led by the president, controls the federal executive departments, which are led by secretaries who are members of the United States Cabinet.

The many important independent agencies of the United States government created by statutes enacted by Congress exist outside of the federal executive departments but are still part of the executive branch.

* List of federal political scandals in the United States

In the United States, however, personally retained counsel have had a right to appear in all federal criminal cases since the adoption of the Constitution and in state cases at least since the end of the Civil War, although nearly all provided this right in their state constitutions or laws much earlier.

Article III of the Constitution specifies that Associate Justices, and all other United States federal judges " shall hold their Offices during good Behavior.

Category: United States federal Native American legislation

Category: United States federal public land legislation

Category: United States federal immigration and nationality legislation

Under Clinton, the United States had a projected federal budget surplus for the first time since 1969.

The National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) was the first federal agency to assume regulatory responsibility in the United States.