The first exon of a ' trapped ' gene splices into the exon that is contained in the insertional DNA.

In 2009, scientists in Japan announced that they had successfully transferred a gene into a primate species ( marmosets ) and produced a stable line of breeding transgenic primates for the first time.

Gene therapy was first conceptualized in 1972, with the authors urging caution before commencing gene therapy studies in humans.

The first FDA-approved gene therapy experiment in the United States occurred in 1990, when Ashanti DeSilva was treated for ADA-SCID.

They also cite the first attempt to perform gene therapy as York Times, 20 September 1970.

The first approved gene therapy case in the United States took place on September 14, 1990, at the National Institute of Health.

in 1992 Doctor Claudio Bordignon working at the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy performed the first procedure of gene therapy using hematopoietic stem cells as vectors to deliver genes intended to correct hereditary diseases.

In 2002 this work led to the publication of the first successful gene therapy treatment for adenosine deaminase-deficiency ( SCID ).

This study constitutes one of the first demonstrations that gene therapy can be effective in treating cancer.

On May 1, 2007 Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London's Institute of Ophthalmology announced the world's first gene therapy trial for inherited retinal disease.

In July 2012, the European Medicines Agency recommended approval of a gene therapy treatment for the first time in either Europe or the United States.

The first semblance of Malpighiales as we now know it came from a phylogeny of seed plants published in 1993 and based upon DNA sequences of the gene rbcL.

The first stage of prophase I is the leptotene stage, also known as leptonema, from Greek words meaning " thin threads ". In this stage of prophase I, individual chromosomes — each consisting of two sister chromatids — change from the diffuse state they exist in during the cell's period of growth and gene expression, and condense into visible strands within the nucleus.

Although a complete theory of evolution also requires an account of how genetic variation arises in the first place ( such as by mutation and sexual reproduction ) and includes other evolutionary mechanisms ( such as genetic drift and gene flow ), natural selection appears to be the most important mechanism for creating complex adaptations in nature.

Since the RNA is first separated by size, if only one probe type is used variance in the level of each band on the membrane can provide insight into the size of the product, suggesting alternative splice products of the same gene or repetitive sequence motifs.

The gene spans 20 kb, with a non-coding exon 1 and a very long first intron of 10 kb. The coding sequence contains five regions showing a high degree of conservation in vertebrates, predominantly in exons 2, 5, 6, 7 and 8, but the sequences found in invertebrates show only distant resemblance to mammalian TP53.

The TP53 gene from the mouse was first cloned by Peter Chumakov of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1982, and independently in 1983 by Moshe Oren in collaboration with David Givol ( Weizmann Institute of Science ).

In the same month, scientist Shoukhrat Mitalipov reports the first successful creation of a primate stem cell line through somatic cell nuclear transfer Martin Evans, a co-winner of the Nobel Prize in recognition of his gene targeting work.

* vasa gene, a gene that is essential for germ cell development and was first identified in Drosophila melanogaster

The first attempts at gene therapy involving viral vectors began in the early 1980s, when retroviruses were developed that could insert a foreign gene into the host's genome.

The first mutant in arabidopsis was documented in 1873 by Alexander Braun, describing a double flower phenotype ( the mutated gene was likely Agamous, cloned and characterized in 1990 ).

The breakthrough year for arabidopsis as the preferred model plant came in 1986, when T-DNA-mediated transformation was first published, and this coincided with the first gene to be cloned and published in Arabidopsis.

No one was behind it, but in the rear wall of the office I noticed, for the first time, a door which had been left partially open.

Two of the new hands, a Mexican named Jose Amado and a kid known only as Laredo, were picked for the first trick of riding night herd.

Once again, Tom Horn was the first and most likely suspect, and he was brought in for questioning immediately.

At the first restaurant he sensibly pulled up to go in for his dinner, and as a consequence did not see Cobb strike the open range at the mouth of the canyon and head straight across the swells for Antler.

School began in August, the hottest part of the year, and for the first few days Miss Langford was very lenient with the children, letting them play a lot and the new ones sort of get acquainted with one another.

It was just as well that the ignorant Dandy enjoyed himself to the hilt that first evening, for the room was to become his prison cell.

In 1961 the first important legislative victory of the Kennedy Administration came when the principle of national responsibility for local economic distress won out over a `` state's-responsibility '' proposal -- provision was made for payment for unemployment relief by nation-wide taxation rather than by a levy only on those states afflicted with manpower surplus.

For ten minutes they ran beneath the squall, raising their arms and, for the first time, shouting and capering.

He returned to Germany for the first time in 1953, where he has since conducted in Cologne, Frankfurt, and Berlin.

When I mentioned that for my first long voyage I did not even have the money for the return fare, but had trusted to luck that I would earn a sufficient amount, the young people looked at me doubtingly.

The active sponsor of Jefferson's measure for religious liberty in Virginia, Madison played the most influential single role in the drafting of the Constitution and in securing its ratification in Virginia, founded the first political party in American history, and, as Jefferson's Secretary of State and his successor in the Presidency, guided the nation through the troubled years of our second war with Britain.

This and other fears of the solar system have disappeared gradually, first, with the Ptolemaic system and its built-in concept of periodicity and then, more firmly, with the Newtonian innovation of an universal force that could account quantitatively for both terrestial and celestial motions.

It resembles, too, pictures such as Durer and Bruegel did, in which all that looks at first to be solely pictorial proves on inspection to be also literary, the representation of a proverb, for example, or a deadly sin.

Being somewhat delicate in health, at the age of sixteen he was sent to Southern Europe, for which he at once developed a passion, so that he spent nearly all of the following ten years abroad, at first in Italy, then in Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor, and Palestine.

And for the first time a representative of the highest office in the land would have been liable to the charge that he had attempted to make it a successorship by inheritance.

If we examine the three types of change from the point of view of their internal structure we find an additional profound difference between the third and the first two, one that accounts for the notable difference between the responses they evoke.

He had taken out first papers for American citizenship ; ;

Before being daughter, wife, or mother, before being cultured ( a word now bereft both socially and politically of the sheen you children of frontiersmen bestowed on it ), before being sorry for the poor, progressive about public health, and prettily if somewhat imprecisely humanitarian, indeed first and foremost, you were a lady.

Lloyd Lewis wrote that when he first knew Carl in 1916, Sandburg was making $27.50 a week writing features for the Day Book and eating sparse luncheons in one-arm restaurants.

An accompanying sympathetic letter explained that inside the envelope was a name for Mrs. Coolidge's first granddaughter.

As a groundwork for the proposal I give some attention to the first task enumerated above, the clarification of goal.