The adult eyes are an improvement on invertebrate eyes and were a first step in the development of more advanced vertebrate eyes.

The first vertebrate carnivores were fish, and then amphibians that moved on to land.

& Puerta, Pablo ( 2003 ): Description of the earliest fossil penguin from South America and first Paleogene vertebrate locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina.

No earlier evidence of human occupation has been found, but the island almost certainly formed part of the land bridge used for the settlement of Australia and New Guinea by at least 40, 000 BC There is no evidence of Homo erectus having reached Sulawesi ; crude stone tools first discovered in 1947 on the right bank of the Walennae river at Berru, which were thought to date to the Pleistocene on the basis of their association with vertebrate fossils, are now thought to date to perhaps 50, 000 BC

The first vertebrate ever to be cloned was an African clawed frog, an experiment for which Sir John Gurdon was awarded the Lasker award.

* 1952 — American developmental biologists Robert Briggs and Thomas King cloned the first vertebrate by transplanting nuclei from leopard frogs embryos into enucleated eggs.

* 1958 — John Gurdon used nuclear transplantation to clone an African Clawed Frog ; first cloning of a vertebrate using a nucleus from a fully differentiated adult cell.

The first vertebrate insectivores were Amphibians.

Molecular evidence suggests that a reptile-specifically a squamate-was the first vertebrate host of Plasmodium.

This circuit appeared first in territorial vertebrate animals and is preserved across all mammals.

In 2006, Italian scientists obtained the first positive result of resveratrol supplementation in a vertebrate.

The first vertebrate paleontologist on the West Coast of the United States, he is best known for his taxonomy of vertebrate fossils at the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, particularly with the genus Smilodon, more commonly known as the sabertooth cat.

At first glance, Pikaia does not seem like a vertebrate ancestor, and in fact there is a lot of debate regarding the topic in scientific circles.

This was the first occurrence of a hadrosaur in south-central Alaska, a new high-latitude source of dinosaur fossils, one out of only four vertebrate fossils from the entire Wrangellia Composite Terrane, and the first associated skeleton of an individual dinosaur in Alaska.

The Arthrodires include many giant members, including the earliest known " giant vertebrate ," the 2. 5 meter long Tityosteus of Early Devonian Germany, and the first vertebrate superpredators, including Dunkleosteus.

The first Wnt gene was discovered by Roeland Nusse and Harold Varmus in 1982 when they observed activation of Int1 ( integration 1 ) in the breast tumors of mice infected with mouse mammary tumor virus ( MMTV ), in which Int was identified as a vertebrate gene near several integration sites of MMTV.

Gauthier's paper was the first serious application of the science of cladistics to vertebrate paleontology.

Acanthostega ( meaning spiny roof ) is an extinct labyrinthodont genus, among the first vertebrate animals to have recognizable limbs.

A possible first connection of a trackway with the vertebrate that left it was published by Drs.

His first mentor was John Clark, a vertebrate paleontologist and sedimentologist at the University of Chicago while starting his education.

They were the first to exploit plant material in terrestrial food chains, making their appearance an important stage in both vertebrate evolution and terrestrial ecosystems.

The first gene for aluminium tolerance has been identified in wheat.

The first exon of a ' trapped ' gene splices into the exon that is contained in the insertional DNA.

In 2009, scientists in Japan announced that they had successfully transferred a gene into a primate species ( marmosets ) and produced a stable line of breeding transgenic primates for the first time.

Gene therapy was first conceptualized in 1972, with the authors urging caution before commencing gene therapy studies in humans.

The first FDA-approved gene therapy experiment in the United States occurred in 1990, when Ashanti DeSilva was treated for ADA-SCID.

They also cite the first attempt to perform gene therapy as York Times, 20 September 1970.

The first approved gene therapy case in the United States took place on September 14, 1990, at the National Institute of Health.

in 1992 Doctor Claudio Bordignon working at the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy performed the first procedure of gene therapy using hematopoietic stem cells as vectors to deliver genes intended to correct hereditary diseases.

In 2002 this work led to the publication of the first successful gene therapy treatment for adenosine deaminase-deficiency ( SCID ).

This study constitutes one of the first demonstrations that gene therapy can be effective in treating cancer.

On May 1, 2007 Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London's Institute of Ophthalmology announced the world's first gene therapy trial for inherited retinal disease.

In July 2012, the European Medicines Agency recommended approval of a gene therapy treatment for the first time in either Europe or the United States.

The first semblance of Malpighiales as we now know it came from a phylogeny of seed plants published in 1993 and based upon DNA sequences of the gene rbcL.

The first stage of prophase I is the leptotene stage, also known as leptonema, from Greek words meaning " thin threads ". In this stage of prophase I, individual chromosomes — each consisting of two sister chromatids — change from the diffuse state they exist in during the cell's period of growth and gene expression, and condense into visible strands within the nucleus.

Although a complete theory of evolution also requires an account of how genetic variation arises in the first place ( such as by mutation and sexual reproduction ) and includes other evolutionary mechanisms ( such as genetic drift and gene flow ), natural selection appears to be the most important mechanism for creating complex adaptations in nature.

Since the RNA is first separated by size, if only one probe type is used variance in the level of each band on the membrane can provide insight into the size of the product, suggesting alternative splice products of the same gene or repetitive sequence motifs.

The gene spans 20 kb, with a non-coding exon 1 and a very long first intron of 10 kb. The coding sequence contains five regions showing a high degree of conservation in vertebrates, predominantly in exons 2, 5, 6, 7 and 8, but the sequences found in invertebrates show only distant resemblance to mammalian TP53.

The TP53 gene from the mouse was first cloned by Peter Chumakov of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1982, and independently in 1983 by Moshe Oren in collaboration with David Givol ( Weizmann Institute of Science ).

In the same month, scientist Shoukhrat Mitalipov reports the first successful creation of a primate stem cell line through somatic cell nuclear transfer Martin Evans, a co-winner of the Nobel Prize in recognition of his gene targeting work.

* vasa gene, a gene that is essential for germ cell development and was first identified in Drosophila melanogaster

The first attempts at gene therapy involving viral vectors began in the early 1980s, when retroviruses were developed that could insert a foreign gene into the host's genome.

The first mutant in arabidopsis was documented in 1873 by Alexander Braun, describing a double flower phenotype ( the mutated gene was likely Agamous, cloned and characterized in 1990 ).

The breakthrough year for arabidopsis as the preferred model plant came in 1986, when T-DNA-mediated transformation was first published, and this coincided with the first gene to be cloned and published in Arabidopsis.