The hierarchical structure was used in early mainframe DBMS.

The logical data structure of a database management system ( DBMS ), whether hierarchical, network, or relational, cannot totally satisfy the requirements for a conceptual definition of data because it is limited in scope and biased toward the implementation strategy employed by the DBMS.

The logical data structure of a DBMS, whether hierarchical, network, or relational, cannot totally satisfy the requirements for a conceptual definition of data because it is limited in scope and biased toward the implementation strategy employed by the DBMS.

However, this drawback appears to apply only to their implementation in relational database management systems: certain non-relational DBMSs, notably Intersystems Cache, a hierarchical database, use bitmap indexes for low-cardinality columns in transactional systems.

It reflected Alfred's own belief in a doctrine of divine rewards and punishments rooted in a vision of a hierarchical Christian world order in which God is the Lord to whom kings owe obedience and through whom they derive their authority over their followers.

Cosmologists study a model of hierarchical structure formation in which structures form from the bottom up, with smaller objects forming first, while the largest objects, such as superclusters, are still assembling.

Corporate capitalism is a free or mixed-market economy characterized by the dominance of hierarchical, bureaucratic corporations, which are legally required to pursue profit.

Others objected on the grounds that adopting the Episcopalian priesthood and hierarchical structure was contrary to the Lutheran concept of the priesthood of all believers, which holds that all Christians stand on equal footing before God.

A hierarchical database model is a data model in which the data is organized into a tree-like structure.

Browne structured his encyclopaedia upon the time-honoured schemata of the Renaissance, the so-called ' scale of creation ' which ascends a hierarchical ladder via the mineral, vegetable, animal, human, planetary and cosmological worlds.

As an alternative to the nomenclature standard in Rule 1, a hierarchical relationship can be expressed by concatenating the names of the higher order system and placing them in parentheses, after which the suffix for a lower order system is added.

They submit that the new form using parentheses is the best for known circumbinary planets and has the desirable effect of giving these planets identical sub-level hierarchical labels and stellar component names which conform to the usage for binary stars.

The fatwas, or time and space bound rulings of early jurists, are taken rather more seriously in this school, due to the more hierarchical structure of Shia Islam, which is ruled by the Imams.

These examples of heritability that operate above the gene are covered broadly under the title of multilevel or hierarchical selection, which has been a subject of intense debate in the history of evolutionary science.

Much of the hierarchical structure for the Golden dawn came from the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia, which was itself derived from the Order of the Golden and Rosy Cross.

Hierarchies and hierarchical thinking has been criticized by many people, including Susan McClary and one political philosophy which is vehemently opposed to hierarchical organization: anarchism is generally opposed to hierarchical organization in any form of human relations.

John B. Carroll ( 1993 ), after a comprehensive reanalysis of earlier data, proposed the Three Stratum theory, which is a hierarchical model with three levels.

Another approach is to encode the original signal at several different bitrates, and their either choose which to use ( as when streaming over the internet – as in RealNetworks ' " SureStream " – or offering varying downloads, as at Apple's iTunes Store ), or broadcast several, where the best that is successfully received is used, as in various implementations of hierarchical modulation.

The MUMPS language provides a hierarchical database made up of persistent sparse arrays, which is implicitly " opened " for every MUMPS application.

A definition which includes no instances is called a " primitive " ( or a " leaf ", or other names ); whereas a definition which includes instances is " hierarchical ".

The first version of this system was generally known as a web of trust to contrast with the X. 509 system, which uses a hierarchical approach based on certificate authority and which was added to PGP implementations later.

In an organizational structure, the Peter Principle's practical application allows assessment of the potential of an employee for a promotion based on performance in the current job ; i. e., members of an hierarchical organization eventually are promoted to their highest level of competence, after which further promotion raises them to incompetence.

The Cardassian Central Command uses a system of hierarchical ranks, which is the same for all branches of the service.

Social class ( or simply " class ") is a set of concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories.

Additionally, as per the 45th amendment to the constitution, human rights treaties which are approved by Congress by means of a special procedure enjoy the same hierarchical position as a constitutional amendment.

Tekla Johnson has called these closed, hierarchical social stratification as castes.

The specifics of the caste systems have varied in ethnically and culturally diverse Africa, however the following features are common-it has been a closed system of social stratification, the social status is inherited, the castes are hierarchical, certain castes are shunned while others are merely endogamous and exclusionary.

This model is more general and powerful than the hierarchical, and has been the most popular before being replaced by the Relational model.

The 15th edition has a three-part structure: a 10-volume Micropædia of short articles ( generally fewer than 750 words ), a 19-volume Macropædia of long articles ( two to 310 pages ) and a single Propædia volume to give a hierarchical outline of knowledge.

Punctuated equilibrium has also been cited as contributing to the theory that species are Darwinian individuals, and not just classes, thereby providing a stronger framework for a hierarchical theory of evolution.

It has been suggested that the strongly hierarchical and anti-individualistic " Bugs " in Starship Troopers were meant to represent the Chinese or Japanese, but Heinlein claimed to have written the book in response to " calls for the unilateral ending of nuclear testing by the United States.

In her book, Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia, she writes that " As for Hinduism, the hierarchical principles of the Brahmanical social order have always been contested from within Hindu society, suggesting that equality has been and continues to be both valued and practiced.

The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation ( leis ordinárias, or " ordinary laws ", in Portuguese ).

The Windows 2000 Server family has additional features, including the ability to provide Active Directory services ( a hierarchical framework of resources ), Distributed File System ( a file system that supports sharing of files ) and fault-redundant storage volumes.

) Each node in the network having a specific fixed number, of nodes connected to it at the next lower level in the hierarchy, the number, being referred to as the ' branching factor ' of the hierarchical tree. This tree has individual peripheral nodes.

IEEE has developed the hierarchical terminology that is useful in describing this process.

A hierarchical set of terminology has come into use to describe parasite assemblages at different host scales.

However, the mode of technological development in the field of autonomy has mostly followed a bottom-up approach, such as hierarchical control systems, and recent advances have been largely driven by the practitioners in the field of control science, not computer science.

It's a deceptively simple protocol, but the combination of three key features, hierarchical data, fine-grained access control, and " contexts " or saved searches with notification, has caused serious problems for server implementors.

A leader in a formal, hierarchical organization, who is appointed to a managerial position, has the right to command and enforce obedience by virtue of the authority of his position.

Progressive, hierarchical, or tree methods generate a multiple sequence alignment by first aligning the most similar sequences and then adding successively less related sequences or groups to the alignment until the entire query set has been incorporated into the solution.

It has been extended since its original description to include multiple as well as pairwise alignments, and has been used in the construction of the CATH ( Class, Architecture, Topology, Homology ) hierarchical database classification of protein folds.

The organization has a hierarchical structure headed by a Board of Trustees, which is chaired by the Government Film Commissioner and NFB Chairperson.