* 1889 – Arnold Joseph Toynbee, English historian ( d. 1975 )

There were many great encyclopedists throughout Chinese history, including the scientist and statesman Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) with his Dream Pool Essays of 1088, the statesman, inventor, and agronomist Wang Zhen ( active 1290 – 1333 ) with his Nong Shu of 1313, and the written Tiangong Kaiwu of Song Yingxing ( 1587 – 1666 ), the latter of whom was termed the " Diderot of China " by British historian Joseph Needham.

Other names connected to the city include Max Born, physicist and Nobel laureate ; Charles Darwin, the biologist who discovered natural selection ; David Hume, a philosopher, economist and historian ; James Hutton, regarded as the " Father of Geology "; John Napier inventor of logarithms ; chemist and one of the founders of thermodynamics Joseph Black ; pioneering medical researchers Joseph Lister and James Young Simpson ; chemist and discoverer of the element nitrogen, Daniel Rutherford ; mathematician and developer of the Maclaurin series, Colin Maclaurin and Ian Wilmut, the geneticist involved in the cloning of Dolly the sheep just outside Edinburgh.

* With reference to Gibbon's comments, Joseph Barber Lightfoot ( late 19th century theologian and former Bishop of Durham ) pointed out that Eusebius ' statements indicate his honesty in stating what he was not going to discuss, and also his limitations as a historian in not including such material.

* 1906 – Joseph Schull, Canadian playwright and historian ( d. 1980 )

Some Catholics, mainly of German language and largely inspired by the historian Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger ( who did not formally join the new group ) formed the separate Old Catholic Church in protest.

The British historian Joseph Needham and the American historian Robert Temple write that the practice of inoculation for smallpox began in China during the 10th century.

Titus Flavius Josephus ( 37 – 100 ), also called Joseph ben Matityahu ( Biblical Hebrew: יוסף בן מתתיהו, Yosef ben Matityahu ), was a 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer who was born in Jerusalem-then part of Roman Judea-to a father of priestly descent and a mother who claimed royal ancestry.

For anarchist historian George Woodcock " Although ( Pierre Joseph ) Proudhon was the first writer to call himself an anarchist, at least two predecessors outlined systems that contain all the basic elements of anarchism.

Russian historian Yury Zhukov stated that Nikolai Bukarin's portraits of Joseph Stalin were the only ones drawn from the original, not from a photograph.

The most notable leader of the movement, though maintaining a certain distance from the Old Catholic Church as an institution, was the renowned church historian and priest Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger ( 1799 – 1890 ), who had been excommunicated by the pope because of his support for the affair.

The completed film ultimately benefited from the decision, as film historian Joseph Maddrey describes the black-and-white filming as " guerrilla-style ", resembling " the unflinching authority of a wartime newsreel ".

As a result of the efforts of historian Joseph Wulf, the Wannsee House, where the conference was held, is now a Holocaust Memorial.

" Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes " an ethos of organized activity " at Yale during the 20th century that led John Kerry to lead the Yale Political Union's Liberal Party, George Pataki the Conservative Party, and Joseph Lieberman to manage the Yale Daily News .< ref >

* December 20 – Joseph ha-Kohen, historian and physician ( d. 1575 )

Joseph Tracy, the minister, historian, and preacher who gave this religious phenomenon its name in his influential 1842 book The Great Awakening, saw the First Great Awakening as a precursor to the American Revolution.

Cardinal Caesar Baronius, the Vatican Librarian and historian ( d. 1609 ), recorded this voyage by Joseph of Arimathea, Lazarus, Mary Magdalene, Martha, Marcella and others in his Annales Ecclesiastici, volume 1, section 35.

In Germany, the Catholic theologian and church historian Joseph Schnitzer edited and published contemporary sources which illuminated Savonarola ’ s career.

Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, for example, began in 1972 as a Festschrift to commemorate the 75th birthday of Joseph Vogt, a German classical historian.

: This page is about the universal historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee ; for his uncle, the economic historian Arnold Toynbee, see Arnold Toynbee.

Arnold Joseph Toynbee CH ( 14 April 1889 – 22 October 1975 ) was a British historian whose twelve-volume analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations, A Study of History, 1934 – 1961, was a synthesis of world history, a metahistory based on universal rhythms of rise, flowering and decline, which examined history from a global perspective.

Toynbee was the son of Harry Valpy Toynbee, grandson of Joseph Toynbee, and nephew of the economic historian Arnold Toynbee ( 1852 – 1883 ), with whom he is sometimes confused.

The historian Joseph Needham asserts that it is no surprise this social group would have been responsible for such a device, since there is already other evidence of their craftsmenship with mechanical toys to delight the emperor and the court.

The historian Joseph Needham is open to the possibility but doubts that Arabic ships at the time would have been able to withstand a return journey over such a long distance across the Atlantic Ocean and points out that a return journey would have been impossible without knowledge of prevailing winds and currents.

It is unknown when the first spectacles were made, but the British scientist and historian Sir Joseph Needham stated in his research that the ancient Chinese invented the earliest eyeglasses 1000 years ago and were also mentioned by the Venetian Marco Polo in his account of his travels in ancient China.

According to the sinologist and historian Joseph Needham, some early Daoists adapted censers for the religious and spiritual use of cannabis.

Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy (, Ānanda Kentiś Kūmaraswāmī ) ( 22 August 1877, Colombo, Ceylon − 9 September 1947, Needham, Massachusetts ) was a Ceylonese philosopher and metaphysician, as well as a pioneering historian and philosopher of Indian art, particularly art history and symbolism, and an early interpreter of Indian culture to the West.

However, the historian Joseph Needham has pointed out that in all likely scenarios, the temporary pontoon bridge was invented during the 9th or 8th century BC in China, as this part was perhaps a later addition to the book ( considering how the book had been edited up until the Han Dynasty, 202 BC – 220 AD ).

The historian of Chinese science Joseph Needham discussed a no-longer extant Liang Dynasty ( 502 – 587 ) illustrated text called Zhong Shenzhi 種神芝 " On the Planting and Cultivation of Magic Mushrooms ".

The institute is named after the scientist and historian Joseph Needham, who initiated the Science and Civilisation in China series.

The historian Joseph Needham states ( Wade-Giles spelling ):

British historian Joseph Needham compiled a list of Chinese emperors whose death was likely due to elixir poisoning.

As to the last paragraph, the historian and sinologist Joseph Needham asserts that: " As to the seasonal lunar and stellar connections, the thought of Wang Chong ( about 83 AD ) is that in some way or other the cyclical behavior of the qi on earth, where water is distilled into mountain clouds, is correlated with the behavior of the qi in the heavens, which brings the moon near to the Hyades at certain times.

In the 20th century, this list was popularized and augmented by the noted British biochemist, historian, and sinologist Joseph Needham, who devoted the later part of his life to studying the science and civilization of ancient China.

In the realm of modern research, the late British biochemist and historian of Chinese science Joseph Needham ( 1900 – 1995 ) ( known as Li Yuese in China ) did extensive research and analysis of Su Song's texts and various achievements in his Science and Civilization in China book series.

The sinologist and historian Joseph Needham concluded " the hallucinogenic properties of hemp were common knowledge in Chinese medical and Taoist circles for two millennia or more ", and other scholars associated Chinese wu ( shamans ) with the entheogenic use of cannabis in Central Asian shamanism.

Regarding the historical inaccuracies of the novel, historian Richard N. Current points out:

In summarising Gray's judgement, in an article published in the Yale Law Journal, Wendie E. Schneider distils these seven points for what he meant by an objective historian:

The British historian D. C. Watt wrote " Two hours later, Berlin Radio broadcast the sixteen points, adding that Poland had rejected them.

As one film historian points out, horror prior to Romero's film had mostly involved rubber masks and costumes, cardboard sets, or mysterious figures lurking in the shadows.

Architectural historian Robert L. Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains, and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture.

As historian George Chauncey points out:

The British historian John Man points out that this figure is larger than any city of the world at that time and calculates that the foundations could have been built by 16, 000 men in two years.

" Gilbert ( p. 217 ) points out that Machiavelli's friend the historian and diplomat Francesco Guicciardini expressed similar ideas about fortune.

Arrow heads and spear points dating from the Paleo period ( 12, 000 years old ) were collected by Cedar Key historian St. Clair Whitman and are displayed at the Cedar Key Museum State Park.

According to ancient historian Meander Protector, a minor official in Justinian's court, there were 12 points to the treaty, stated in the following passage:

Political historian Hiroshi Aruga points out that: " The Sōka Gakkai membership rapidly increased, mainly among those who were of the downtrodden classes in large urban areas and who were excluded from the benefits of upward swing during the reconstruction period of postwar Japan.

Photography historian Naomi Rosenblum points out that " the dual character of the medium — its capacity to produce both art and document — demonstrated soon after its discovery ….

Orthodox historian, Bishop Arseny ( Bryantsev ), challenged the authenticity of the correspondence and, incidentally, points to the 50 letters of Cyril of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and Moscow Patriarch Filaret, stored in a Moscow archive of the main Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the evidence of Cyril's commitment to Orthodoxy, as well as in his 1622 letter in which he speaks of Protestantism as a blasphemous doctrine.

Evidence from the eighth century Anglo-Saxon historian, Bede points to the Picts also being subjugated by the Northumbrians during Oswald's reign, and that this subjugation continued into the reign of his successor, Oswiu.

According to historian John D. Winters, " Port Hudson, unlike Baton Rouge, was one of the strongest points on the river, and batteries placed upon the bluffs could command the entire river front.

BYU historian Thomas G. Alexander points out that while the original Word of Wisdom as a " principle with promise " was given by revelation, there is no evidence that any church leader has claimed a separate new revelation, or even a spiritual confirmation, of changing the Word of Wisdom from " a principle with promise " to a commandment.

According to social historian Eric Lott, " the widespread embarrassment and innuendo surrounding Elvis impersonation points more directly to the homoerotic implications built into such acts.

The historian James G. DeVoto points out that Gorgidas previously served as a hipparch ( cavalry officer ), therefore equestrian training was also likely provided.

Harvard historian Niall Ferguson points out that Florence and Venice, as well as several other Italian city-states, played a crucial innovative role in world financial developments, devising the main instruments and practices of banking and the emergence of new forms of social and economic organization.

For Spengler, a world-historical view points toward the meaning of history itself, by breaking the historian or observer out of his crude culturally-parochial classifications of history.

Angus Donal Stewart points out that the source of the tradition, a medieval account by the Armenian historian Nerses Balients, does not match with any other accounts by any other historians of the time period, and was simply written as Armenian propaganda of the time.

As Caucasian historian Charles King points, the methods used by the Russians would today be called genocidal warfare.

This view is supported by historian Guy Walters in his book Hunting Evil, where he also points out that networks were used, but there was not such a thing as a setup network covering Europe and South America, with an alleged war treasure.