It is clear that patterns of stress sometimes show construction unambiguously in the spoken language where without the help of context it would be ambiguous in the written.

In the first of these sentences if by is the complement of come and Tuesday is an adjunct of time equivalent to on Tuesday, there will be strong stress on by in the spoken language ; ;

The most widely spoken Afroasiatic language is Arabic ( including all its colloquial varieties ), with 230 million native speakers, spoken mostly in the Middle East and North Africa.

Other widely spoken Afroasiatic languages are Amharic, the national language of Ethiopia, with 18 million native speakers ; Somali, spoken by around 19 million people in Greater Somalia ; and Hausa, the dominant language of northern Nigeria and southern Niger, spoken by 18. 5 million people and used as a lingua franca in large parts of the Sahel, with some 25 million speakers in total.

Estimates of the date at which the Proto-Afroasiatic language was spoken vary widely.

Augmentative and alternative communication ( AAC ) is an umbrella term that encompasses methods of communication for those with impairments or restrictions on the production or comprehension of spoken or written language.

AAC can be used to aid both spoken and written language, and can supplement or replace speech and writing as necessary.

An alphabet is a standard set of letters ( basic written symbols or graphemes ) which is used to write one or more languages based on the general principle that the letters represent phonemes ( basic significant sounds ) of the spoken language.

In accordance with the principle on which alphabets are based, these rules will generally map letters of the alphabet to the phonemes ( significant sounds ) of the spoken language.

Sometimes, countries have the written language undergo a spelling reform to realign the writing with the contemporary spoken language.

One camp, often called the " Altaicists ", views these similarities as arising from common descent from a proto-Altaic language spoken several thousand years ago.

Austrian German (), or Austrian Standard German, is the national standard variety of the German language spoken in Austria and in the autonomous Province of South Tyrol ( Italy ).

With German being a pluricentric language, Austrian dialects should not be confused with the variety of Standard German spoken by most Austrians, which is distinct from that of Germany or Switzerland.

The " Former Standard ," used for about 300 years or more in speech in refined language, was the " Schönbrunner Deutsch ", a sociolect spoken by the imperial Habsburg Family and the nobility of Austria-Hungary.

Also, the preterite ( simple past ) is very rarely used in Austria, especially in the spoken language, except for some modal verbs ( ich sollte, ich wollte ).

Romansh, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient Rheato-Romanic language derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan.

The Rochester Method focuses on oral language and speech, spelling spoken words.

It was inspired by the English garden city movement ; hence the original English name Park ( in the Catalan language spoken in Catalonia where Barcelona is located, the word for " Park " is " Parc ", and the name of the place is " Parc Güell " in its original language ).

and then I was adding my own voice to the crescendo of sound, hurling more vile language than I ever thought I knew, sobbing and shouting, and aware that if I had passed water before, it was not enough, for my pants were soaking wet.

aside from her specifically regional accent, she reveals by the use of the triad, `` irritable, tense, depressed '', a certain pedantic itemization that indicates she has some familiarity with literary or scientific language ( i.e., she must have had at least a high-school education ), and she is telling a story she has mentally rehearsed some time before.

The term Afroasiatic Urheimat ( Urheimat meaning " original homeland " in German ) refers to the ' hypothetical ' place where Proto-Afroasiatic speakers lived in a single linguistic community, or complex of communities, before this original language dispersed geographically and divided into distinct languages.

Avicenna created new scientific vocabulary that had not existed before in the modern Persian language.

However, there is an interesting contrast between the belief that exposure of signs to a hearing infant will aid them in language development, whereas a deaf infant at times must show the inability to learn an oral language before they are taught sign language.

Donnelly attempted to establish that all known ancient civilizations were descended from Atlantis, which he saw as a technologically sophisticated culture, saying that Atlanteans invented gunpowder and the compass thousands of years before the rest of the world invented written language.

Eco ( 1993 ) notes that Genesis is ambiguous on whether the language of Adam was preserved by Adam's descendants until the confusion of tongues ( Genesis 11: 1-9 ), or if it began to evolve naturally even before Babel ( Genesis 10: 5 ).

The language was later dubbed Enochian, due to Dee's assertion that the Biblical Patriarch Enoch had been the last human ( before Dee and Kelley ) to know the language.

Lyrical and almost epigrammatic in form, the poems ' wistful evocation of doomed youth in the English countryside, in spare language and distinctive imagery, appealed strongly to late Victorian and Edwardian taste, and to many early 20th century English composers ( beginning with Arthur Somervell ) both before and after the First World War.

Little is known of its origins but it is likely that an early form of the Basque language was present in Western Europe before the arrival of the Indo-European languages to the area.

This language is generally referred to as Aquitanian and is assumed to have been spoken in the area before the Roman conquests in the western Pyrenees.

The word " Bohemian " was used to denote the Czech people as well as the Czech language before the word " Czech " became prevalent in English.

All of the guests are seated and grace is said, usually using the Selkirk Grace, a well-known thanksgiving said before meals, using the Scots language.

Trade with India commenced well before 500 BCE ( before the widespread use of Sanskrit as a language in India ).

Since computers can make arithmetic calculations much faster and more accurately than humans, it was thought to be only a short matter of time before the technical details could be taken care of that would allow them the same remarkable capacity to process language.

According to Needham, though there is no way of answering the question of whether the crossbow first arose among the cultures neighboring ancient China before the rise of Chinese culture in their midst, or whether it spread outwards from China to all the environing peoples, the former seems the more probable hypothesis given linguistic evidence, which posits that the Chinese word for ' crossbow ' came from an Austroasiatic language.

Proto-Chadic language is believed * to have originated in Asia before it entered Africa as early as 7 kya, probably before or after the First Egyptian Dynasty.

Nowadays, opłatek is mostly shared with members of the family and immediate neighbors before the Christmas Eve supper ( Wigilia in the Polish language ).

English had, however, been used as a literary language for centuries before Chaucer's life, and several of Chaucer's contemporaries — John Gower, William Langland, and the Pearl Poet — also wrote major literary works in English.

In 18th and 19th century Germany, several thousand local languages of the continental west Germanic dialect continuum were reclassified as dialects of modern New High German although the vast majority of them were ( and still are ) mutually incomprehensible, despite the fact that they all existed long before New High German, which had at least in part been shaped as a compromise or mediative language between these local languages.

However, a few scholars have hypothesised that Brahui is a remnant of a formerly widespread Dravidian language family that is believed to have been reduced or replaced during the influx of Iranian / Indo-Aryan languages upon their arrival in South Asia.

In the Nynorsk variant of the language, Norsk Allkunnebok ( 10 volumes, 1948 – 1966 ) was the only encyclopedia until the arrival of Wikipedia.

Prior to the arrival of Europeans, Panama was widely settled by Chibchan, Chocoan, and Cueva peoples, among whom the largest group were the Cueva ( whose specific language affiliation is poorly documented ).

Following Bellwood's model of a southward migration of Austronesian-speaking farmers ( AN ), radiocarbon dates from caves in Maros suggest a date in the mid-second millennium BC for the arrival of an AN group from east Borneo speaking a Proto-South Sulawesi language ( PSS ).

From the advent of the Bourbon Monarchy following the War of the Spanish Succession until the arrival of parliamentary democracy in 1977, the Castilian language was the only one with official status in the Spanish state.

This language and the related culture were extinct with the arrival of the Magyars.

In the fifteenth century, before the arrival of the Portuguese, Tetum had spread through central and eastern Timor as a contact language under the aegis of the Belunese-speaking Kingdom of Wehali, at that time the most powerful kingdom in the island.

After her arrival in Sweden, Margaret, who in Sweden was called " Margareta ", received lessons in the Swedish language, and asked to be educated in Swedish history and social welfare.

Although he knew no German on his arrival, after only nine months study he managed to win the school prize for that language.

Such a claim, if made openly, would be doubly absurd, ignoring a ) all of the Native American languages severely impacted by the arrival of Europeans, but also b ) Spanish, the language of a rather sizable number of European explorers and settlers across the length and breadth of what is now the United States.

The use of Pennsylvania German as a street language in urban areas of Pennsylvania ( such as Allentown, Reading, Lancaster and York ) was declining by the arrival of the 20th century, while in more rural areas it continued in widespread use through the World War II era.

The language first came to the New World as early as the 16th and 17th centuries with the arrival of Spanish colonists in areas that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California.

The communicative approach coincided with the arrival of the PC, which made computing much more widely available and resulted in a boom in the development of software for language learning.

Following the arrival of multimedia CALL, multimedia language centres began to appear in educational institutions.

The arrival of these immigrants also introduced the English language to the Cape.

Tests notwithstanding, while some international students already possess an excellent command of the local language upon arrival, some find their language ability, considered excellent domestically, inadequate for the purpose of understanding lectures, and / or of conveying oneself fluently in rapid conversations.

It roughly dates from the birth of the Welsh language until the arrival of the Normans in Wales towards the end of the 11th century.

With the arrival of the KMT-led Republic of China government in 1949, native Taiwanese culture was suppressed, and Mandarin was promoted as the official language of the Republic of China.

The Huilliche spoke the Huillice language or Huilliche dialect of Mapudungun in historic times ( i. e., after the arrival of the Spanish ), but some people nowadays believe they might have spoken a ( possibly ) unrelated language before their Mapuche acculturation.

Prior to the Dutch arrival in the 18th century, a missionary, B. F. Matthews, translated the Bible into Buginese, which made him the first European to acquire knowledge of the language.

The heartland of this oldest attested language of Anatolia, before the arrival of Hittite language speakers, ranged from Hattusa ( which they called " Hattus ") northward to Nerik.