However, an ADT may be implemented by specific data types or data structures, in many ways and in many programming languages ; or described in a formal specification language.

Human spoken and pictoral languages can be described as a system of symbols ( sometimes known as lexemes ) and the grammars ( rules ) by which the symbols are manipulated.

Since the time of Pāṇini, at least, linguists have described the grammars of languages in terms of their block structure, and described how sentences are recursively built up from smaller phrases, and eventually individual words or word elements.

In publications of 1647 and 1654, Marcus van Boxhorn first described a rigid methodology for historical linguistic comparisons and proposed the existence of an Indo-European proto-language ( which he called " Scythian ") unrelated to Hebrew, but ancestral to Germanic, Greek, Romance, Persian, Sanskrit, Slavic, Celtic and Baltic languages.

However, recent work has shown that for languages which make this distinction, all clicks have a uvular, or even pharyngeal, rear closure, and that the clicks explicitly described as uvular are in fact clusters / contours of a click plus a pulmonic or ejective component, in which the cluster / contour has two release bursts, the forward ( click ) and then the rearward ( uvular ) component.

At this point the only Canadian first nation languages that were well known were Kwakiutl, described by Boas, Tshimshian and Haida.

While formal language theory usually concerns itself with formal languages that are described by some syntactical rules, the actual definition of the concept " formal language " is only as above: a ( possibly infinite ) set of finite-length strings, no more nor less.

In practice, there are many languages that can be described by rules, such as regular languages or context-free languages.

These believe that what the New Testament described as " speaking in tongues " was xenoglossia, a miraculous spiritual gift through which the speaker could communicate in natural languages not previously studied.

Although languages that are described as having imperfective and perfective aspects agree in most cases in their use of these aspects, they may not agree in every situation.

The use of the same bytecode for all JVMs on all platforms allows Java to be described as a write once, run anywhere programming language, versus write once, compile anywhere, which describes cross-platform compiled languages.

This definition stresses the fact that human languages can be described as closed structural systems consisting of rules that relate particular signs to particular meanings.

The modernist interpretation of nationalism and nation-building perceives that nationalism arises and flourishes in modern societies described as being associated with having: an industrial economy capable of self-sustainability of the society, a central supreme authority capable of maintaining authority and unity, and a centralized language or small group of centralized languages understood by a community of people.

Indeed, some languages are designed so that the meanings of certain syntactic constructs cannot even be described without referring to the core library.

This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in historical linguistics.

Among Whorf's well known examples of linguistic relativity are examples of instances where an indigenous language has several terms for a concept that is only described with one word in English and other European languages ( Whorf used the acronym SAE " Standard Average European " to allude to the rather similar grammatical structures of the well-studied European languages in contrast to the greater diversity of the less-studied languages ).

The first question was answered in the negative when in 1963, Eggan gave examples of regular languages of star height n for every n. Here, the star height h ( L ) of a regular language L is defined as the minimum star height among all regular expressions representing L. The first few languages found by are described in the following, by means of giving a regular expression for each language:

The result of this attitude has been the domination of many orthography conferences by such considerations as typographic ' esthetics ', which usually turns out to be nothing more than certain prejudices carried over from European languages.

The differentiation, however, is not very much greater, as shown by the fact that Athabascan shows 3.46 stems per meaning slot as against 2.75 for Yokuts, with a slightly greater number of languages represented in our sample: 24 as against 21.

The rest of the languages are spoken by minority groups.

Austro-Asiatic languages have a disjunct distribution across India, Bangladesh and Southeast Asia, separated by regions where other languages are spoken.

Berber languages are spoken in Morocco, Algeria, Libya and across the rest of North Africa and the Sahara Desert by about 25 to 35 million people.

Other widely spoken Afroasiatic languages are Amharic, the national language of Ethiopia, with 18 million native speakers ; Somali, spoken by around 19 million people in Greater Somalia ; and Hausa, the dominant language of northern Nigeria and southern Niger, spoken by 18. 5 million people and used as a lingua franca in large parts of the Sahel, with some 25 million speakers in total.

The Greek alphabet, in its Euboean form, was carried over by Greek colonists to the Italian peninsula, where it gave rise to a variety of alphabets used to write the Italic languages.

National languages generally elect to address the problem of dialects by simply associating the alphabet with the national standard.

The sounds of speech of all languages of the world can be written by a rather-small universal phonetic-alphabet.

Algorithms can be expressed in many kinds of notation, including natural languages, pseudocode, flowcharts, programming languages or control tables ( processed by interpreters ).

Programming languages are primarily intended for expressing algorithms in a form that can be executed by a computer, but are often used as a way to define or document algorithms.

Korzybski's work maintained that human beings are limited in what they know by ( 1 ) the structure of their nervous systems, and ( 2 ) the structure of their languages.

The idea that the Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages are closely related to each other was allegedly first published in 1730 by Philip Johan von Strahlenberg, a Swedish officer who traveled in the eastern Russian Empire while a prisoner of war after the Great Northern War.

However, as has been pointed out by Alexis Manaster Ramer and Paul Sidwell ( 1997 ), Strahlenberg actually opposed the idea of a closer relationship between the languages which later became known as " Altaic "..

The term " Altaic ", as the name for a language family, was introduced in 1844 by Matthias Castrén, a pioneering Finnish philologist who made major contributions to the study of the Uralic languages.

For example, while most of today's Altaic languages have vowel harmony, Proto-Altaic as reconstructed by Starostin et al.

It is first attested by an inscription dated to 1224 or 1225 AD and by the Secret History of the Mongols, written in 1228 ( see Mongolic languages ).

Related to this is lexicostatistics, which attempts to determine the degree of relation between a set of languages by comparing the percentage of basic vocabulary ( words like " I ", " you ", " heart ", " stone ", " two ", " be ", " and ") they share in common.

The German dialects of South Tyrol have been influenced by local Romance languages, in particular with many loan words from Italian, and Ladin.

The other major family of abugidas, Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, was initially developed in the 1840s by missionary and linguist James Evans for the Cree and Ojibwe languages.

An inscription of Swampy Cree language | Swampy Cree using Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, an abugida developed by Christian missionaries for Aboriginal Canadian languages

If Russian pupils have to take these languages, how come American students have a choice whether or not to take a language, but have to face so many exceptions??

If adjectival meanings show relatively low retentiveness of stems, as I am confident will prove to be the case in most languages of the world, why should our basic lists include 15 per cent of these unstable forms, but only 8 per cent of animals and plants which replace much more slowly??

Among these languages, only Khmer, Vietnamese, and Mon have a long-established recorded history, and only Vietnamese and Khmer have official status ( in Vietnam and Cambodia, respectively ).

Strictly speaking, these national languages lack a word corresponding to the verb " to spell " ( meaning to split a word into its letters ), the closest match being a verb meaning to split a word into its syllables.

He learned the Polish language at home and the Russian language in schools ; and having a French governess and a German governess, he became fluent in these four languages as a child.

The prehistory of the peoples speaking these languages is largely unknown.

All of these methods remain to be applied to the languages attributed to Altaic with the same degree of focus and intensity they have been applied to the Indo-European family ( e. g. Mallory 1989, Anthony 2007 ).

Sign languages exhibit the use of polymorphemic constructions referred to as classifiers ( not all researchers term these constructions classifiers ).

Chinese languages treat these two phones differently ; for example in Mandarin, ( written b in Pinyin ) and ( written p ) contrast phonemically.

In regions such as Latin America where these languages are spoken, negro ( pronounced slightly differently than Negro in English ), is a normal word used without disparaging intent in relation to black people.

In these final pieces he offered a critique of Western science in which he suggested that non-European languages often referred to physical phenomena in ways that more directly reflected aspects of reality than many European languages, and that science ought to pay attention to the effects of linguistic categorization in its efforts to describe the physical world.

This is an important step in the recognition of Breton and other minority languages of France ; however, it doesn't explicitly give more actual recognition, rights or funds to these languages.

Many cover versions are in different languages rewritten to reference local units ; these include:

The Book of Common Prayer has also been translated into these North American indigenous languages: Cowitchan, Cree, Haida, Ntlakyapamuk, Slavey, Eskimo-Aleut, Dakota, Delaware, Mohawk, Ojibwe.

In these classification schemes Khmer's closest genetic relatives are the Bahnaric and Pearic languages.

The approximant is also widespread, and virtually all languages have one or more nasals, though a very few, such as the Central dialect of Rotokas, lack even these.

In all these areas, the Celtic languages are now only spoken by minorities though there are continuing efforts at revitalization.

For both these languages, however, revitalization movements have led to the adoption of these languages by adults and children and produced some native speakers.