But no other two phonologic systems are as difficult to disentangle as are tone and intonation in some languages.

In 1960, David D. Thomas published Basic Vocabulary In some Mon-Khmer Languages ( AL 2, No. 3, pp. 7 - 11 ), which compares 8 Mon-Khmer languages with the I-E language data on which Swadesh based the revised retention rate ( Af ) in place of original ( Af ), and his revised 100 word basic glottochronological list in Towards Greater Accuracy ( IJAL 21::

Thus his persistence values for some stem frequencies per meaning are: stem identical in 8 languages, 100% ; ;

Other widely spoken Afroasiatic languages are Amharic, the national language of Ethiopia, with 18 million native speakers ; Somali, spoken by around 19 million people in Greater Somalia ; and Hausa, the dominant language of northern Nigeria and southern Niger, spoken by 18. 5 million people and used as a lingua franca in large parts of the Sahel, with some 25 million speakers in total.

However this ideal is not normally achieved in practice ; some languages ( such as Spanish and Finnish ) come close to it, while others ( such as English ) deviate from it to a much larger degree.

Von Strahlenberg's classification was the first attempt at classification of a large number of languages some of which are Altaic.

Doubt was also raised about the affinities of Korean and Japanese ; in particular, some authors tried to connect Japanese to the Austronesian languages.

The Turkish language and the Islamic religion were gradually introduced as a result of the Seljuk conquest, and this period marks the start of Anatolia's slow transition from predominantly Christian and Indo-European and Semitic-speaking, to predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking ( Although some ethnic groups such as Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians and Georgians retained Christianity and their native languages ).

Agatha's imagination was creative, boundless, and forever popular as evidence by some 200 works in over 100 languages world-wide.

In some other languages the celebration, not necessarily on the same date, is known as Day of the Dead.

There are only a few aspects which are produced simultaneously, such as tone in some languages, or vowel and consonant harmony, and which are therefore not straightforward to write with an alphabet.

But, such complete secret languages are rare, because the speakers usually have some public language in common, on which the argot is largely based.

Array types are often implemented by array structures ; however, in some languages they may be implemented by hash tables, linked lists, search trees, or other data structures.

Taking advantage of this feature, some languages ( like FORTRAN 77 ) specify that array indices begin at 1, as in mathematical tradition ; while other languages ( like Fortran 90, Pascal and Algol ) let the user choose the minimum value for each index.

With ancient and modern history he rendered himself well acquainted and he also began to acquire some of the continental languages.

The same case is used in many languages for the objects of ( some or all ) prepositions.

The accusative case existed in Proto-Indo-European and is present in some Indo-European languages ( including Latin, Sanskrit, Greek, German, Polish, Swedish, Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian ), in the Uralic languages, in Altaic languages, and in Semitic languages ( such as Classical Arabic ).

This is known as the accusative of place to which, and is equivalent to the lative case found in some other languages.

In 1804, the German chemist Friedrich Sertürner isolated from opium a " soporific principle " (), which he called " morphium " in honor of Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams ; in German and some other Central-European languages, this is still the name of the drug.

As in so many programming languages, the operation ( V, x ) is often written V ← x ( or some similar notation ), and ( V ) is implied whenever a variable V is used in a context where a value is required.

In languages such as English with morphophonemic variation, an alphabet song usually chooses a particular pronunciation for each letter in the alphabet ( e. g. " cake " is, not ) and also typically for some words in the song.

Fictional languages are intended to be the languages of a fictional world and are often designed with the intent of giving more depth and an appearance of plausibility to the fictional worlds with which they are associated, and to have their characters communicate in a fashion which is both alien and dislocated.

Fictional languages are separated from artistic languages by both purpose and relative completion: a fictional language often has the least amount of grammar and vocabulary possible, and rarely extends beyond the absolutely necessary.

Professional fictional languages are those languages created for use in books, movies, television shows, video games, comics, toys, and musical albums ( prominent examples of works featuring fictional languages include the Middle-earth and Star Trek universes and the game Myst ).

A notable subgenre of fictional languages are alien languages, the ones that are used or might be used by putative extraterrestrial life forms.

The problem of alien language has confronted generations of science fiction writers ; some have created fictional languages for their characters to use, while others have circumvented the problem through translation devices or other fantastic technology.

Internet-based fictional languages are hosted along with their " conworlds " on the Internet, and based at these sites, becoming known to the world through the visitors to these sites ; Verdurian, the language of Mark Rosenfelder's Verduria on the planet of Almea, is a flagship Internet-based fictional language.

Many other fictional languages and their associated conworlds are created privately by their inventor, known only to the inventor and perhaps a few friends.

A notable fictional duodecimal system was that of J. R. R. Tolkien's Elvish languages, which used duodecimal as well as decimal.

Two of the metahuman races have fictional languages.

* List of fictional languages

The languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien are a set of constructed languages, of which most but not all were created for his fictional universe, often called Middle-earth.

Tolkien's glossopoeia has two temporal dimensions: the internal ( fictional ) timeline of events described in the Silmarillion and other writings, and the external timeline of Tolkien's own life during which he continually revised and refined his languages and their fictional history.

Some of these languages, e. g., in worlds of fantasy fiction, alternative universes, Earth's future, or alternate history, are presented as distorted versions or dialects of modern English or other natural language, while others are independently designed conlangs.

Jim Henson ( 1936 – 1990 )— artist, puppeteer, film director and producer — created elaborate imaginary worlds filled with unique characters, objects, environments and even languages and cultures.

To what extent Second Life and other virtual worlds will become established as important tools for teachers of foreign languages remains to be seen.

Another feat is that Lobo is fluent in many alien languages ( according to Lobo, 17, 897 to be exact ) and extremely knowledgeable in the locations and cultures of worlds without use of some external mechanism.

Fictional languages are intended to be the languages of a fictional world, and are often designed with the intent of giving more depth and an appearance of plausibility to the fictional worlds with which they are associated, and to have their characters communicate in a fashion which is both alien and dislocated.

Using a metaphor from John Backus, assignment statements in von Neumann languages split programming into two worlds.

Even their languages were the same, although different dialects had evolved on the various worlds.

* Zompist Bulletin Board, a forum for constructed worlds and languages

MarsDials were placed on the Spirit and Opportunity Mars rovers, inscribed with the words " Two worlds, One sun " and the word " Mars " in 22 languages.