Naturally this includes all communication forms, e.g. languages, or any social, political, economic or religious structures employed for such control.

Still, even in such languages tone analysis has not been as simple as one might expect.

The result of this attitude has been the domination of many orthography conferences by such considerations as typographic ' esthetics ', which usually turns out to be nothing more than certain prejudices carried over from European languages.

such composers as Monteverdi, Lully and Purcell, with the same goal in mind, had developed styles of recitative sensitively attuned to their own languages.

In addition to languages spoken today, Afroasiatic includes several ancient languages, such as Ancient Egyptian, Akkadian, and Biblical Hebrew.

The basic ordering of the Latin alphabet ( ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ) is well established, although languages using this alphabet have different conventions for their treatment of modified letters ( such as the French é, à, and ô ) and of certain combinations of letters ( multigraphs ).

However this ideal is not normally achieved in practice ; some languages ( such as Spanish and Finnish ) come close to it, while others ( such as English ) deviate from it to a much larger degree.

At the other extreme are languages such as English, where the spelling of many words simply has to be memorized as they do not correspond to sounds in a consistent way.

Furthermore, they argued that many of the typological features of the supposed Altaic languages, such as agglutinative morphology and SOV word order, usually co-occur in languages.

Altogether, Starostin concluded that the Altaic grouping was substantiated, though " older than most other language families in Eurasia, such as Indo-European or Finno-Ugric, and this is the reason why the modern Altaic languages preserve few common elements ".

The Turkish language and the Islamic religion were gradually introduced as a result of the Seljuk conquest, and this period marks the start of Anatolia's slow transition from predominantly Christian and Indo-European and Semitic-speaking, to predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking ( Although some ethnic groups such as Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians and Georgians retained Christianity and their native languages ).

Other languages, such as Thai Sign Language, developed as a creole of ASL and indigenous sign ; a similar situation may have occurred with Malaysian Sign Language, which in turn was the base of Indonesian Sign Language.

Since in oral languages the elements of sound are for the most part produced linearly in time ( that is, in a word like cat the a sound comes after the c sound, and the t sound comes after that ), they can generally be easily written in a linear ( one-dimensional ) writing system such as an alphabet.

There are only a few aspects which are produced simultaneously, such as tone in some languages, or vowel and consonant harmony, and which are therefore not straightforward to write with an alphabet.

But, such complete secret languages are rare, because the speakers usually have some public language in common, on which the argot is largely based.

Theorem: If K < sub > 1 </ sub > and K < sub > 2 </ sub > are the complexity functions relative to description languages L < sub > 1 </ sub > and L < sub > 2 </ sub >, then there is a constant c – which depends only on the languages L < sub > 1 </ sub > and L < sub > 2 </ sub > chosen – such that

Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi-Urdu, also write the two phones differently and treat them as completely distinct phonemes: is written as ' प ' ( or ' پ '), while is written ' फ ' ( or ' پھ ') and so on.

In regions such as Latin America where these languages are spoken, negro ( pronounced slightly differently than Negro in English ), is a normal word used without disparaging intent in relation to black people.

Although Afrikaans adopted words from languages such as Malay, Portuguese, the Bantu languages, and the Khoisan languages, an estimated 90 to 95 percent of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin.

But both were high-spirited and vivacious, both had tempers to control, both loved languages, especially English and German, both were good teachers and wrote for publication.

`` Science In Action '', San Francisco's venerable television program, will be seen in Hong Kong this fall in four languages: Mandarin, Cantonese, Chiuchow and English, according to a tip from Dr. Robert C. Miller.

Now prosperous, his parents were able to send Nobel to private tutors and the boy excelled in his studies, particularly in chemistry and languages, achieving fluency in English, French, German, and Russian.

Despite the lack of formal secondary and tertiary level education, Nobel gained proficiency in six languages: Swedish, French, Russian, English, German and Italian.

He and Widor collaborated on a new edition of Bach's organ works, with detailed analysis of each work in three languages ( English, French, German ).

English 2. 9 % ( closely related to German and other Indo-European languages ).

When it comes to the 17th century and anagrams in English or other languages, there is a great deal of documented evidence of learned interest.

Since then, American English has been influenced by the languages of West Africa, the Native American population, Spanish, and immigration.

Some elements of Aboriginal languages have been adopted by Australian English — mainly as names for places, flora and fauna ( for example dingo ) and local culture.

While English and Russian are the dominant languages used by Aleuts living in the US and Russia respectively, the Aleut language is still spoken by several hundred people.

In 1965, he founded the Israel Institute for Talmudic Publications and began his monumental work on the Talmud, including translation into Hebrew, English, Russian, and various other languages.

* In Germanic languages, except English, East Sea is used: Afrikaans ( Oossee ), Danish ( Østersøen ), Dutch ( Oostzee ), German ( Ostsee ), Icelandic and Faroese ( Eystrasalt ), Norwegian ( Østersjøen ), and Swedish ( Östersjön ).

* Baltic Sea is used in English ; in the Baltic languages Latvian ( Baltijas jūra ) and Lithuanian ( Baltijos jūra ); in Latin ( Mare Balticum ) and the Romance languages French ( Mer Baltique ), Italian ( Mar Baltico ), Portuguese ( Mar Báltico ), Romanian ( Marea Baltică ) and Spanish ( Mar Báltico ); in Greek ( Βαλτική Θάλασσα ); in Albanian ( Deti Balltik ); in the Slavic languages Polish ( Morze Bałtyckie or Bałtyk ), Czech ( Baltské moře or Balt ), Croatian ( Baltičko more ), Slovenian ( Baltsko morje ), Bulgarian ( Baltijsko More ( Балтийско море ), Kashubian ( Bôłt ), Macedonian ( Балтичко Море / Baltičko More ), Ukrainian ( Балтійське море (" Baltijs ' ke More "), Belarusian ( Балтыйскае мора (" Baltyjskaje Mora "), Russian ( Балтийское море (" Baltiyskoye Morye ") and Serbian ( Балтичко море / Baltičko more ); in the Hungarian language ( Balti-tenger ); and also in Basque ( Itsaso Baltikoa )

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word baroque is derived from the Portuguese word " barroco ", Spanish " barroco ", or French " baroque ", all of which refer to a " rough or imperfect pearl ", though whether it entered those languages via Latin, Arabic, or some other source is uncertain.

It is written in English, very similar to the Early Modern English linguistic style of the King James Version of the Bible, and has since been fully or partially translated into 108 languages.

As usual in such cases, many other loans from French, English and the classical languages have subsequently entered the language as well.

This group of languages ( Welsh, Cornish, Cumbric ) cohabited alongside English into the modern period, but due to their remoteness from the Germanic languages, influence on English was notably limited.

The great majority of present-day linguists fall into one or more of a number of overlapping types: those who are convinced that tone cannot be analysed, those who are personally scared of tone and tone languages generally, those who are convinced that tone is merely an unnecessary marginal feature in those languages where it occurs, those who have no idea how to proceed with tone analysis, those who take a simplistic view of the whole matter.

The differentiation, however, is not very much greater, as shown by the fact that Athabascan shows 3.46 stems per meaning slot as against 2.75 for Yokuts, with a slightly greater number of languages represented in our sample: 24 as against 21.

In 1960, David D. Thomas published Basic Vocabulary In some Mon-Khmer Languages ( AL 2, No. 3, pp. 7 - 11 ), which compares 8 Mon-Khmer languages with the I-E language data on which Swadesh based the revised retention rate ( Af ) in place of original ( Af ), and his revised 100 word basic glottochronological list in Towards Greater Accuracy ( IJAL 21::

It is evident that Swadesh has not only had much experience with basic vocabulary in many languages but has acquired great tact and feeling for the expectable behavior of lexical items.

he studied them, compared them with what he had been taught as a nestling, struggling to bridge between languages, the one he thought with and the one he was learning to think in.

The Austro-Asiatic ( Austroasiatic ) languages, in recent classifications synonymous with Mon – Khmer, are a large language family of Southeast Asia, also scattered throughout India and Bangladesh.

They appear to be the autochthonous languages of Southeast Asia, with the neighboring Indic, Tai, Dravidian, Austronesian, and Tibeto-Burman languages being the result of later migrations ( Sidwell & Blench, 2011 ).

The Austro-Asiatic languages are well known for having a " sesquisyllabic " pattern, with basic nouns and verbs consisting of a reduced minor syllable plus a full syllable.

Little work has been done on the Munda languages, which are not well documented ; with their demotion from a primary branch, Proto-Mon – Khmer becomes synonymous with Proto-Austro-Asiatic.

Other widely spoken Afroasiatic languages are Amharic, the national language of Ethiopia, with 18 million native speakers ; Somali, spoken by around 19 million people in Greater Somalia ; and Hausa, the dominant language of northern Nigeria and southern Niger, spoken by 18. 5 million people and used as a lingua franca in large parts of the Sahel, with some 25 million speakers in total.

Many languages use modified forms of the Latin alphabet, with additional letters formed using diacritical marks.

Other languages may use a Semitic abjad with mandatory vowel diacritics, effectively making them abugidas.

National languages generally elect to address the problem of dialects by simply associating the alphabet with the national standard.

Some national languages like Finnish, Turkish, Serbo-Croatian ( Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian ) and Bulgarian have a very regular spelling system with a nearly one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes.

Sometimes our perceptions and our languages actually mislead us as to the " facts " with which we must deal.

All of these methods remain to be applied to the languages attributed to Altaic with the same degree of focus and intensity they have been applied to the Indo-European family ( e. g. Mallory 1989, Anthony 2007 ).

Some words are known in both languages, however with different meanings:

The German dialects of South Tyrol have been influenced by local Romance languages, in particular with many loan words from Italian, and Ladin.

Around 500 BCE, following the Achaemenid conquest of Mesopotamia under Darius I, Old Aramaic was adopted by the conquerors as the " vehicle for written communication between the different regions of the vast empire with its different peoples and languages.