The great majority of present-day linguists fall into one or more of a number of overlapping types: those who are convinced that tone cannot be analysed, those who are personally scared of tone and tone languages generally, those who are convinced that tone is merely an unnecessary marginal feature in those languages where it occurs, those who have no idea how to proceed with tone analysis, those who take a simplistic view of the whole matter.

But no other two phonologic systems are as difficult to disentangle as are tone and intonation in some languages.

There are more stems per item in Athabascan, which expresses the fact that the Athabascan languages have undergone somewhat more change in diverging from proto-Athabascan than the Yokuts languages from proto-Yokuts.

Thus his persistence values for some stem frequencies per meaning are: stem identical in 8 languages, 100% ; ;

The Austro-Asiatic ( Austroasiatic ) languages, in recent classifications synonymous with Mon – Khmer, are a large language family of Southeast Asia, also scattered throughout India and Bangladesh.

The rest of the languages are spoken by minority groups.

Austro-Asiatic languages have a disjunct distribution across India, Bangladesh and Southeast Asia, separated by regions where other languages are spoken.

The Austro-Asiatic languages are well known for having a " sesquisyllabic " pattern, with basic nouns and verbs consisting of a reduced minor syllable plus a full syllable.

Little work has been done on the Munda languages, which are not well documented ; with their demotion from a primary branch, Proto-Mon – Khmer becomes synonymous with Proto-Austro-Asiatic.

Afroasiatic languages are spoken predominantly in the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahel.

Berber languages are spoken in Morocco, Algeria, Libya and across the rest of North Africa and the Sahara Desert by about 25 to 35 million people.

Other widely spoken Afroasiatic languages are Amharic, the national language of Ethiopia, with 18 million native speakers ; Somali, spoken by around 19 million people in Greater Somalia ; and Hausa, the dominant language of northern Nigeria and southern Niger, spoken by 18. 5 million people and used as a lingua franca in large parts of the Sahel, with some 25 million speakers in total.

* The Omotic language branch is the most controversial member of Afroasiatic, since the grammatical formatives which most linguists have given greatest weight in classifying languages in the family " are either absent or distinctly wobbly " ( Hayward 1995 ).

Afroasiatic languages are today primarily spoken in the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahel.

At the other extreme are languages such as English, where the spelling of many words simply has to be memorized as they do not correspond to sounds in a consistent way.

Programming languages are primarily intended for expressing algorithms in a form that can be executed by a computer, but are often used as a way to define or document algorithms.

Since in oral languages the elements of sound are for the most part produced linearly in time ( that is, in a word like cat the a sound comes after the c sound, and the t sound comes after that ), they can generally be easily written in a linear ( one-dimensional ) writing system such as an alphabet.

Argots are mainly versions of other languages with a part of its vocabulary replaced by words unknown to the larger public.

The term is often incorrectly used to refer to the whole of Indian cinema ; it is only a part of the total Indian film industry, which includes other production centres producing films in regional languages.

Programming languages commonly associated with buffer overflows include C and C ++, which provide no built-in protection against accessing or overwriting data in any part of memory and do not automatically check that data written to an array ( the built-in buffer type ) is within the boundaries of that array.

For example, in this grammar, some special words are for teaching languages, and not part of Basic English: plural, conjugate, noun, adjective, adverb, qualifier, operator, pronoun, and directive.

There are musical genres and styles specific to each Celtic country, due in part to the influence of individual song traditions and the characteristics of specific languages:

Many computer languages require garbage collection, either as part of the language specification ( e. g., Java, C #, and most scripting languages ) or effectively for practical implementation ( e. g., formal languages like lambda calculus ); these are said to be garbage collected languages.

The Saraiki language is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda languages group, and is spoken in Cholistan as well as in a large part of central Pakistan.

Hetzron ( 1980: 70ff ) and Ehret ( 1995 ) have suggested that the Rift languages ( South Cushitic ) are a part of Lowland East Cushitic, the only one of the six groups with much internal diversity.

Various linguists have seen these North Eurasian languages as part of: < ul >< li > a Ural – Altaic language family ( popular until 1960s )</ li >< li > a Uralic and an Altaic family ( Anna V. Dybo | Dybo, Roy Andrew Miller | Miller, Nicholas Poppe | Poppe )</ li >< li > separate Uralic, Turkic languages | Turkic and Mongolian language | Mongolian families ( Gerard Clauson | Clauson, Gerhard Doerfer | Doerfer, Stefan Georg | Georg )</ li >< li > a Eurasiatic or Nostratic macrofamily ( Joseph Greenberg | Greenberg, Sergei Starostin | Starostin, Allan Bomhard | Bomhard )</ li ></ ul >

In 18th and 19th century Germany, several thousand local languages of the continental west Germanic dialect continuum were reclassified as dialects of modern New High German although the vast majority of them were ( and still are ) mutually incomprehensible, despite the fact that they all existed long before New High German, which had at least in part been shaped as a compromise or mediative language between these local languages.

Notably, the XML DTD allows defining entities and notations that have no direct equivalents in DTD-less XML ( because internal entities and parsable external entities are not part of XML schema languages, and because other unparsed external entities and notations have no simple equivalent mappings in most XML schema languages ).

Consumerism is running uncontested ; it must be challenged by other perspectives expressed, in part, through the visual languages and resources of design.

In addition, languages belonging to the Nilo-Saharan language family ( Kunama and Nara ) are spoken as a mother tongue by the Kunama and Nara Nilotic ethnic minorities that live in the north and northwestern part of the country.

* Vulgar Latin and Late Latin among the uneducated and educated populations respectively of the Roman empire and the states that followed it in the same range no later than 900 AD ; medieval Latin and Renaissance Latin among the educated populations of western, northern, central and part of eastern Europe until the rise of the national languages in that range, beginning with the first language academy in Italy in 1582 / 83 ; new Latin written only in scholarly and scientific contexts by a small minority of the educated population at scattered locations over all of Europe ; ecclesiastical Latin, in spoken and written contexts of liturgy and church administration only, over the range of the Roman Catholic Church.

" The New American Standard Bible ( NASB ) translates this verse in the latter manner, and translations in other languages such as the Dutch Statenvertaling translate it likewise: " When this letter is read among you, have it also read in the church of the Laodiceans ; and you, for your part read my letter ( that is coming ) from Laodicea.

West Flemish is spoken by around 1. 05 million people in West Flanders ( in Belgium ), 90, 000 in the neighbouring Dutch coastal district of Zeelandic Flanders, and approximately 20, 000 in the northern part of the French département of Nord where it is classified, as a recognized dialect of Dutch, as one of the languages of France.

These manual alphabets ( also known as finger alphabets or hand alphabets ), have often been used in deaf education, and have subsequently been adopted as a distinct part of a number of sign languages around the world.

Separated from the four main island groups are the islands of Nukuoro and Kapingamarangi, which geographically and politically are part of Micronesia, but linguistically and culturally form part of Polynesia: the languages spoken on these two islands are of the Samoic family of Polynesian languages.

This group of languages ( Welsh, Cornish, Cumbric ) cohabited alongside English into the modern period, but due to their remoteness from the Germanic languages, influence on English was notably limited.

The group is usually divided into two sub-groups: Western Baltic, containing only extinct languages, and Eastern Baltic, containing both extinct and the two living languages in the group: Lithuanian ( including both Standard Lithuanian and Samogitian ) and Latvian ( including both literary Latvian and Latgalian ).

All of the languages in the Baltic group ( including the living ones ) were first written down relatively late in their probable existence as distinct languages.

It is possible that the miscegenation mentioned by Tacitus had, by the 3rd century, resulted in the Bastarnae becoming assimilated by the Sarmatians, perhaps adopting their tongue ( which belonged to the Iranic group of Indo-European languages ) and / or Sarmatian customs.

The Balts or Baltic peoples are an Indo-European ethnic-linguistic group who speak the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European language family, which was originally spoken by tribes living in area east of Jutland peninsula in the west and Moscow, Oka and Volga rivers basins in the east.

He can learn foreign languages by reading the language centers of the brain of someone adept, and alternately " teach " languages to others in the same manner ; Xavier once trained a new group of mutants mentally, subjectively making them experience months of training together, while only hours passed in the real world.

As a musical group Enya represents a partnership between three people: Enya herself, who composes and performs the music ; Nicky Ryan, who produces the albums ; and Roma Ryan, who writes the lyrics in various languages, except Irish, in which Enya will render the lyrics herself.

Fictional languages are by far the largest group of artistic languages.

Some of the letters are represented by iconic shapes, such as b, c, d, k, and, in British Sign Language and the BANZSL group of languages, the vowels a, e, i, o, and u, are represented by pointing to the fingertips.

In the SeSotho group of languages spoken in South Africa pushback refers to a combed back hair style, commonly worn by black women with chemically straightened hair ; and stop-nonsense refers to pre-fabricated concrete slabs used as fencing.

The perception of historical unity is also strengthened by the fact that Greek has not split up into a group of separate, regional daughter languages, as happened with Latin.

The Germanic peoples ( also called Teutonic or Gothic in older literature ) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.

The non-German Germanic languages language group ( 0. 5 %) like Danish, Dutch and Frisian were located in the north and northwest of the empire, near the borders with Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

Hausa belongs to the West Chadic languages subgroup of the Chadic languages group, which in turn is part of the Afro-Asiatic language family.

The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages.

Books published in rare languages typically have longer group identifiers.