`` I should say it is the turning of courts of law into veritable theatres for sex dramas, involving clergymen and parishioners, psychiatrists and patients.

It is becoming harder and harder to tell law courts and political arenas from the modern theatre ''.

States were free to enact, within broad, though ( perhaps ) determinate limits, their own rules as to the application of foreign law by their courts, to vary the law merchant, and to enact legislation with regard to many claims arising on the high seas.

For almost a hundred years we relied upon state courts ( subject to review by the Supreme Court ) for the protection of most rights arising under national law.

( 2 ) displacement of state law by federal law in state courts in all actions regarding collective bargaining agreements ; ;

Does Lincoln Mills suggest that if Congress granted jurisdiction over interstate divorce cases, the federal courts would be authorized to fashion a national law for the dissolution of marriages??

A careful student has suggested that `` In any new revision ( of the Judicial Code ) the legislators would do well to remember that the allocation of power to the federal courts should be limited to those matters in which their expertise in federal law might be used, leaving to the state judiciaries the primary obligation of pronouncing state law ''.

With few exceptions, Congress has not given federal courts exclusive authority to enforce rights arising under federal law.

Correlatively, can we reduce the role of the district courts, so that the action is that of the people of the community or other school district and not that of the law court??

In Anglo-American common law courts, appellate review of lower court decisions may also be obtained by filing a petition for review by prerogative writ in certain cases.

In an anarcho-capitalist society, law enforcement, courts, and all other security services would be provided by privately funded competitors rather than through taxation, and money would be privately and competitively provided in an open market.

As the system evolved these last two functions were shifted to the law courts.

Civil law countries often have specialized courts, administrative courts, that review these decisions.

Unlike most Common-law jurisdictions, the majority of civil law jurisdictions have specialized courts or sections to deal with administrative cases which, as a rule, will apply procedural rules specifically designed for such cases and different from that applied in private-law proceedings, such as contract or tort claims.

There are federal courts with special jurisdiction in the fields of social security law ( Bundessozialgericht ) and tax law ( Bundesfinanzhof ).

In Sweden, there is a system of administrative courts that considers only administrative law cases, and is completely separate from the system of general courts.

Instead of just establishing it as a military prison, he provided for a civil administration, with courts of law.

In an adversarial system, there is no more controversy and the case proceeds to sentencing ; though in many jurisdictions the defendant must have allocution of her or his crime, a false confession will not be accepted even in common law courts.

In common law, black letter legal doctrine is an informal term indicating the basic principles of law generally accepted by the courts and / or embodied in the statutes of a particular jurisdiction.

The American Constitution was historic at this point in providing that `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ''.

As they do not receive Holy Orders in the Catholic, Orthodox and Oriental Churches, they do not possess the ability to ordain any religious to Holy Orders, or even admit their members to the non-ordained ministries to which they can be installed by the ordained clergy ( females do not serve as clergy anyway, per formal church teaching, in these churches ), nor do they exercise the authority they do possess under canon law over any territories outside of their monastery and its territory ( though non-cloistered, non-contemplative female religious members who are based in a convent or monastery but who participate in external affairs may assist as needed by the diocesan bishop and local secular clergy and laity, in certain pastoral ministries and administrative and non-administrative functions not requiring ordained ministry or status as a male cleric in those churches or programs ).

Repeated stress, such as weight-bearing exercise or bone healing, results in the bone thickening at the points of maximum stress ( Wolff's law ).

Because directors exercise control and management over the organization, but organizations are ( in theory ) run for the benefit of the shareholders, the law imposes strict duties on directors in relation to the exercise of their duties.

To consider but one example, the First Amendment to the United States Constitution states " Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof "— but interpretation ( that is, determining the fine boundaries, and resolving the tension between the " establishment " and " free exercise " clauses ) of each of the important terms was delegated by Article III of the Constitution to the judicial branch, so that the current legal boundaries of the Constitutional text can only be determined by consulting the common law.

These are the issue of Royal Prerogative where the reigning monarch may continue to exercise power under certain very limited circumstances, Sovereign Immunity where they are considered to have done no wrong under the law, and may avoid both taxation and planning permission for example, and considerable ceremonial power where the executive, judiciary, police and armed forces owe allegiance to the Crown.

As stated in the U. S. Code, the Commandant shall preside over the Headquarters, Marine Corps, transmit the plans and recommendations of the Headquarters, Marine Corps, to the Secretary and advise the Secretary with regard to such plans and recommendations, after approval of the plans or recommendations of the Headquarters, Marine Corps, by the Secretary, act as the agent of the Secretary in carrying them into effect, exercise supervision, consistent with the authority assigned to commanders of unified or specified combatant commands under chapter 6 of this title, over such of the members and organizations of the Marine Corps and the Navy as the Secretary determines, perform the duties prescribed for him by section 171 of this title and other provisions of law and perform such other military duties, not otherwise assigned by law, as are assigned to him by the President, the Secretary of Defense, or the Secretary of the Navy.

An association of law schools had argued that allowing military recruiting at their institutions compromised their ability to exercise their free speech rights in opposition to discrimination based on sexual orientation as represented by DADT.

If liberty is taken to mean " the ability to exercise one's rights as provided for by the law and nature " then this is true, but if it means " the state when one is not held to nor required to perform anything against their will " then this is clearly false.

In a constitutional monarchy or non-executive presidency, the head of state may de jure hold ultimate authority over the armed forces but will only normally, as per either written law or unwritten convention, exercise their authority on the advice of their responsible ministers: meaning that the de facto ultimate decision making on military maneuvers is made elsewhere.

States and individuals who subscribe to this view opine that, in the case of the individual responsible for violation of international law, he " is become, like the pirate and the slave trader before him, hostis humani generis, an enemy of all mankind ", and thus subject to prosecution in a fair trial before any fundamentally just tribunal, through the exercise of universal jurisdiction.

Having found for the plaintiff for a violation of the first law, the court then has the discretion to exercise judicial economy and refuse to make a decision on the remaining two claims, on the grounds that the finding of one violation should be sufficient to satisfy the plaintiff.

The English term is based on the Latin word jurisprudentia: juris is the genitive form of jus meaning " law ", and prudentia means " prudence " ( also: discretion, foresight, forethought, circumspection ; refers to the exercise of good judgment, common sense, and even caution, especially in the conduct of practical matters ).

The exercise and maintaining of this liberty makes men grow more evil, and in time to be worse than brute beasts: The other kind of liberty I call civil or federal ; it may also be termed moral, in reference to the covenant between God and man, in the moral law, and the politic covenants and constitutions, among men themselves.

In many nations, criminal procedure law has been developed to regulate officers ' discretion, so that they do not arbitrarily or unjustly exercise their powers of arrest, search and seizure, and use of force.

While the president has to sign all acts adopted by parliament into law, he cannot refuse to do so and exercise a kind of right of veto ; his only power in that matter is to ask for a single reconsideration of the law by parliament and this power is subject to countersigning by the Prime minister.

According to the constitution, it is incumbent upon the King: to sanction and promulgate laws ; to summon and dissolve the Cortes Generales ( the Parliament ) and to call elections ; to call a referendum under the circumstances provided in the constitution ; to propose a candidate for prime minister, and to appoint or remove him from office, as well as other ministers ; to issue the decrees agreed upon by the Council of Ministers ; to confer civil and military positions, and to award honors and distinctions ; to be informed of the affairs of the State, presiding over the meetings of the Council of Ministers whenever opportune ; to exercise supreme command of the Spanish Armed Forces, to exercise the right to grant pardons, in accordance to the law ; and to exercise the High Patronage of the Royal Academies.

( That corpus of law was a reflection of the power system in existence during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

To him, law is the command of the sovereign ( the English monarch ) who personifies the power of the nation, while sovereignty is the power to make law -- i.e., to prevail over internal groups and to be free from the commands of other sovereigns in other nations.

The efforts of various interest groups to control or influence governmental decisions, particularly when taken in conjunction with the impact of industralization, led to a concentration of attention on the legislative power and the means whereby policy could be formulated and enforced as law through bureaucratic institutions.

When the power of the latter was made both limited and explicit -- when norms were clarified and made more precise and the creation of new norms was placed exclusively in parliamentary hands -- two purposes were served: Government was made subservient to an institutionalized popular will, and law became a rational system for implementing that will, for serving conscious goals, for embodying the `` public policy ''.

But over and beyond the compelling need for a binding precedent decision, I am convinced that the decisions of the Superior Courts which in effect nullify the Secretary's Regulation are not a correct interpretation of the Secretary's power under the Federal law.

The power of the abbot was paternal but absolute, limited, however, by the canon law.

For mammals, the relationship between brain volume and body mass essentially follows a power law with an exponent of about 0. 75.

In the former, so weakened was the defeated King John of England that he soon needed to submit to his barons demands and sign the Magna Carta, limiting the power of the crown and establishing the basis for common law.

In most but not all modern states the constitution has supremacy over ordinary Statutory law ( see Uncodified constitution below ); in such states when an official act is unconstitutional, i. e. it is not a power granted to the government by the constitution, that act is null and void, and the nullification is ab initio, that is, from inception, not from the date of the finding.

It is important to understand that common law is the older and more traditional source of law, and legislative power is simply a layer applied on top of the older common law foundation.

Since the 12th century, courts have had parallel and co-equal authority to make law -- " legislating from the bench " is a traditional and essential function of courts, which was carried over into the U. S. system as an essential component of the " judicial power " specified by Article III of the U. S. constitution.

See, e. g., Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States, ( giving federal courts the authority to fashion common law rules with respect to issues of federal power, in this case negotiable instruments backed by the federal government ); see also International News Service v. Associated Press, 248 U. S. 215 ( 1918 ) ( creating a cause of action for misappropriation of " hot news " that lacks any statutory grounding, but that is one of the handful of federal common law actions that survives today ); National Basketball Association v. Motorola, Inc., 105 F. 3d 841, 843-44, 853 ( 2d Cir.

Moore's law suggests that computing power doubles roughly every 18 to 24 months, but even this doubling effect leaves the larger symmetric key lengths currently considered acceptable well out of reach.

Indeed, in those cases where no clear consensus exists on a given norm, the drafting of criminal law by the group in power to prohibit the behaviour of another group may seem to some observers an improper limitation of the second group's freedom, and the ordinary members of society have less respect for the law or laws in general — whether the authorities actually enforce the disputed law or not.