Scots common law covers matters including murder and theft, and has sources in custom, in legal writings and previous court decisions.

*** Juristic writings ( such as legal treatises )

Some other literary sources provide specific detail: the writings of the physician Galen on the habits of the Antonine elite, the orations of Aelius Aristides on the temper of the times, and the constitutions preserved in the Digest and Codex Justinianus on Marcus ' legal work.

Courts may consider the writings of eminent legal scholars in treatises, restatements of the law, and law reviews.

Historically, common law courts relied little on legal scholarship ; thus, at the turn of the twentieth century, it was very rare to see an academic writer quoted in a legal decision ( except perhaps for the academic writings of prominent judges such as Coke and Blackstone ).

Although Tertullian utilized a knowledge of Roman law in his writings, his legal knowledge does not demonstrably exceed that of what could be expected from a sufficient Roman education.

If the defendant could not produce a royal licence to prove the grant of the liberty, then it was the crown's opinionbased on the writings of the influential thirteenth-century legal scholar Bractonthat the liberty should revert to the king.

In their original context, the statements of the law contained in these fragments were just private opinions of legal scholars-although some juristic writings had been privileged by Theodosius II's Law of Citations in 426.

We have legal texts from the earliest writings through the Hellenistic period, but evidence on a particular point may be very full at one period and almost entirely lacking for another.

Harold J. Berman, writing in the Yale Law Journal, notes that it is only " possible by a study of the entire corpus of Hale's writings to reconstruct the coherent legal philosophy that underlies them ".

John Marshall Gest, writing in the Yale Law Journal, notes that " There are few principles of the common law that can be studied without an examination of Coke's Institutes and Reports which summed up the legal learning of his time ", although " the student is deterred by the too common abuse of Coke's character and the general criticism of his writings as dry, crabbed, verbose and pedantic ".

In 1832 he also received an appointment in the ministry of foreign affairs, which, with his labours on many state committees and his legal researches and writings, occupied him till his death at Cologne.

In 1853 Ellis had to leave the work to Spedding, with the occasional assistance of Heath, who edited most of the legal writings.

However, his writings were not of lasting value ; he is now especially notable for his services to political and especially legal reform, and to the diffusion of useful literature, which are his lasting monuments.

It contains a list of abbreviations used in official and historical writings ( especially proper names ), in laws, legal pleadings and edicts.

Many developments in legal thought have drawn heavily from legal realism, including the writings of Herman Oliphant ( 1884-1939 ) and the development of the legal process school in the 1950s and 1960s, a theory that attempted to chart a middle way between the extremes of realism and formalism.

Generally, all these texts are restricted to legal writings.

Halakhic ( legal ) writings of the Middle Ages are also important texts for Jewish ethics.

A genizah ( or geniza ; Hebrew: " storage "; plural: genizot or genizoth or genizahs ) is the store-room or depository in a Jewish synagogue ( or cemetery ), usually specifically for worn-out Hebrew-language books and papers on religious topics that were stored there before they could receive a proper cemetery burial, it being forbidden to throw away writings containing the name of God ( even personal letters and legal contracts could open with an invocation of God ).

The idea of critique is elemental to legal, aesthetic, and literary theory and such practices, such as in the analysis and evaluation of writings such as pictorial, musical, or expanded textual works.

They have given money to provide for the needs of exiled or imprisoned journalists and their families and the unsupported families of journalists who have been killed ; to enable journalists to leave their home countries if they are in danger there ; to repair the effects of vandalism on media outlets ; to cover the legal fees of journalists who have been prosecuted for their writings or the medical bills of those who have been physically attacked ; and on one occasion, to provide bullet-proof vests.

Words primarily used in Austria are Jänner ( January ) rather than Januar, heuer ( this year ) rather than dieses Jahr, Stiege ( stairs ) instead of Treppe, Rauchfang ( chimney ) instead of Schornstein, many administrative, legal and political terms – and a whole series of foods and vegetables such as: Erdäpfel ( potatoes ) German Kartoffeln ( but Dutch Aardappel ), Schlagobers ( whipped cream ) German Schlagsahne, Faschiertes ( ground beef ) German Hackfleisch, Fisolen ( green beans ) German Gartenbohne ( but Czech fazole and Italian fagioli ), Karfiol ( cauliflower ) German Blumenkohl ( but Italian cavolfiore ), Kohlsprossen ( Brussels sprouts ) German Rosenkohl, Marillen ( apricots ) German Aprikosen but Slovak marhuľa, Paradeiser ( tomatoes ) German Tomaten, Palatschinken ( pancakes ) German Pfannkuchen ( but Czech palačinky ), Topfen ( a semi-sweet cottage cheese ) German Quark and Kren ( horseradish ) German Meerrettich ( but Czech křen ).

The term allegiance was traditionally often used by English legal commentators in a larger sense, divided by them into natural and local, the latter applying to the deference which even a foreigner must pay to the institutions of the country in which he happens to live.

Doubleday assumed administrative duties in the defenses of Washington, D. C., where he was in charge of courts martial, which gave him legal experience that he used after the war.

In 1999 they brought a legal challenge to this patent which had granted a private US citizen " ownership " of the knowledge of a plant that is well-known and sacred to many indigenous peoples of the Amazon, and used by them in religious and healing ceremonies.

When the Roman Empire turned Christian during the following century, this imagery came to be used in a more metaphysical sense, and removed legal impediments to the development and public use of the Anno Domini dating system, which came into general use during the reign of Charlemagne.

* Amputation is used as a legal punishment in a number of countries, among them Iran, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Islamic regions of Nigeria.

In economics, regulatory arbitrage ( sometimes, tax arbitrage ) may be used to refer to situations when a company can choose a nominal place of business with a regulatory, legal or tax regime with lower costs.

The term " black-letter law " is also used commonly in the American legal system to mean well-established case law.

The recording can further be used to identify advantage players whose activities, while legal, make them undesirable customers.

Blood alcohol content ( BAC ), also called blood alcohol concentration, blood ethanol concentration, or blood alcohol level is most commonly used as a metric of alcohol intoxication for legal or medical purposes.

These definitions are archaic, their relevance having dissipated with the development of the English legal system over the centuries, but they do explain the origin of the term as used today.

A banknote ( more commonly known as a bill in the United States and Canada ) is a type of currency, and commonly used as legal tender in many jurisdictions.

In legal firms the title is used to indicated a lawyer who is not a partner of the law firm.

This may indicate a co-owner as in a legal partnership or may be used in a general way to refer to a broad class of employees or temporary / contract workers who are often assigned field or customer service work.

The film Blade Runner ( 1982 ), adapted from Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ?, is set in 2019 in a dystopian future in which manufactured beings called replicants are slaves used on space colonies and are legal prey on Earth to various bounty hunters who " retire " ( kill ) them.

The following classes of offences are used, or have been used, as legal terms of art:

The legal instruments used by the Council for the Common Foreign and Security Policy are different from the legislative acts.

A list of firearms not covered by the NFA due to their antique status may be found here or due to their Curio and Relic status may be found here ; these lists includes a number of carbines with barrels less than the minimum legal length and firearms that are " primarily collector's items and are not likely to be used as weapons and, therefore, are excluded from the provisions of the National Firearms Act.

In the Hebrew of the contemporary State of Israel, the word pilegesh is often used as the equivalent of the English word, mistress — i. e. the female partner in extramarital relations, regardless of legal recognition.

Opinions as to when this software is moral ( and sometimes legal ) to use vary widely with individual people being strongly in favor and against the same software used in different scenarios.

A coin is a piece of hard material that is standardized in weight, is produced in large quantities in order to facilitate trade, and primarily can be used as a legal tender.

Its copying in subsequent generations indicates that it was used as a model of legal and judicial reasoning.

Compaq was able to market a legal IBM clone because IBM mostly used " off the shelf " parts for their PC.