* Averil Cameron ( professor at King's College and Oxford ) and Stuart Hall ( historian and theologian ), in their recent translation of the Life of Constantine, point out that writers such as Burckhardt found it necessary to attack Eusebius in order to undermine the ideological legitimacy of the Habsburg empire, which based itself on the idea of Christian empire derived from Constantine, and that the most controversial letter in the Life has since been found among the papyri of Egypt.

The disposition of the prestigious insignia and relics of the empire was an additional and important sign for the legitimacy of the reign of the king, but not a mandatory prerequisite.

Therefore it was highly important for him to establish the legitimacy of the newly founded empire, and this purpose was especially aided by all that the document alleges concerning the elevation of the pope.

It proposed both Generalfeldmarschall Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff as ' people's emperors ' of a military state whose legitimacy was based upon war and war aims instead of parliamentary government of the empire.

Charles V had made a provisional ruling on the religious question, the Augsburg Interim of 1548 ; this offered a temporary ruling on the legitimacy of two religious creeds in the empire, and codified by law in 30 June 1548 upon the insistence of Charles V, who wanted to work out religious differences under the auspices of a general council of the Catholic Church.

In addition to the legitimacy given by medieval scholarly opinion, nostalgia for the days of successful Islamic empire simmered under later Western colonialism.

As the regime was trying to establish its power and legitimacy throughout the former Russian empire, it went about constructing regional administrative units, recruiting non-Russians into leadership positions, and promoting non-Russian languages in government administration, the courts, the schools, and the mass media.

As the last surviving child of Peter I, Elizabeth ’ s reign had a certain legitimacy and the people of the empire greeted her ascension as the end of German dominated rule She was, perhaps, more interested in politics than any of her predecessors.

The Spanish partisans organized an interim Spanish government, the Supreme Central Junta and called for a Cortes to convene with representatives from all the Spanish provinces throughout the worldwide empire, in order to establish a government with a firm claim to legitimacy.

Political control of the two cities gave considerable power and legitimacy to any kingdom or empire in the global Muslim community.

It is at this point that Paris gives Aeneas Priam's sword, in order to give legitimacy and continuity to the Royal Line of Troy – and lay the foundations of Rome.

In the list of popes given in the Holy See's annual directory, Annuario Pontificio, the following note is attached to the name of Pope Leo VIII ( 963 – 965 ): At this point, as again in the mid-eleventh century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonising historical criteria and those of theology and canon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the successors of Saint Peter.

His disciple, Cyprian ( Bishop of Carthage 248-58 ) appeals to the same fundamental principle of election to a vacant see in the aftermath of the Decian Persecution when denying the legitimacy of his rigorist rival in Carthage and that of the anti-pope Novatian in Rome ; however, the emphasis is now on legitimating his episcopal ministry as a whole and specifically his exclusive right to administer discipline to the lapsed rather than on the content of what is taught.

* The Heading ( 1: 1 ): As is typical of prophetic books, an anonymous editor has supplied the name of the prophet, an indication of his time of activity, and an identification of his speech as the “ word of Yahweh ”, a generic term carrying a claim to prophetic legitimacy and authority.

Legislation must conform to a theory of legitimacy, which describes the circumstances under which a particular person or group is entitled to make law, and a theory of legislative justice, which describes the law they are entitled or obliged to make.

This theory also claims there can be only one rightful sovereign ruling all under heaven at a time but throughout Chinese history there have been many contentious and long periods of disunity where the question of legitimacy is moot ; see also Imperial Seal of China.

Although these guidelines have been widely implemented, opponents argue that even when a diagnostic criteria set is accepted across different cultures, it does not necessarily indicate that the underlying constructs have any validity within those cultures ; even reliable application can only demonstrate consistency, not legitimacy.

The divine right of kings, or divine-right theory of kingship, is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.

The divine right of kings, or divine-right theory of kingship, is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.

Empress Matilda ( 1102 – 1167 ) is the only British monarch commonly referred to as " emperor " or " empress ", but acquired her title through her marriage to Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, and had little legitimacy as Queen of England.

Fascism condemns liberal democracy for basing government legitimacy on quantity rather than quality, and for causing quarreling partisan politics, but deny that the ideology is entirely against democracy.

Power can come from force, but formal legitimacy is often established, even if only by fictitious claims of continuity ( e. g., a forged claim of descent from a previous dynasty ).

Such a demographic, alienated from the westernized ways of the urban elite, but uprooted from the comforts and more passive traditions of the villages they came from, is understandably favourably disposed to an Islamic system promising a better world – an ideology providing an " emotionally familiar basis for group identity, solidarity, and exclusion ; an acceptable basis for legitimacy and authority ; an immediately intelligible formulation of principles for both a critique of the present and a program for the future.

Philosophical anarchism is an anarchist school of thought which contends that the State lacks moral legitimacy and-in contrast to revolutionary anarchism-does not advocate violent revolution to eliminate it but advocate peaceful evolution to superate it.

According to Avi Shlaim, this condemnation of the use of violence is one of the key features of ' the conventional Zionist account or old history ' whose ' popular-heroic-moralistic version ' is ' taught in Israeli schools and used extensively in the quest for legitimacy abroad '.

Much subsequent controversy about Rousseau's work has hinged on disagreements concerning his claims that citizens constrained to obey the general will are thereby rendered free: The notion of the general will is wholly central to Rousseau's theory of political legitimacy.

While it was once thought that Locke wrote the Treatises to defend the Glorious Revolution of 1688, recent scholarship has shown that the work was composed well before this date, and it is now viewed as a more general argument against absolute monarchy ( particularly as espoused by Robert Filmer and Thomas Hobbes ) and for individual consent as the basis of political legitimacy.

The statement makes it clear that homosexual activity is still prohibited, saying inter alia that " Halakhah sees heterosexual marriage as the ideal model and sole legitimate outlet for human sexual expression "; " Halakhic Judaism views all male and female same-sex sexual interactions as prohibited "; and " halakhic values proscribe individuals and communities from encouraging practices that grant religious legitimacy to gay marriage and couplehood ".

Forty kilometers away is Iran, who had proclaimed its aim of exporting its Iranian Revolution ; while the other powerful neighbor, Iraq, had repeatedly challenged Kuwait's legitimacy and subsequently invaded Kuwait twice.

The issue of the legitimacy of the Louisiana Purchase is similar to that of the 1867 Alaska Purchase.

This criticisms is a consequentialist criticism-interested in consequences or outcomes or results of a course of action-and does not impugn the character or intentions of the one ( s ) offering the " slippery slope " argument ( s ), the basis or bases or concerns underlying the offering of the arguments against a rule or course of action, nor the legitimacy of arguing against any specific rule or course of action.

( For instance, in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are considered eligible, whereas many hereditary monarchies have legal requirements regarding the religion, age, gender, mental capacity, and other factors that act both as de facto elections and to create situations of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election.

The nation state is a state that self-identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign entity for a nation as a sovereign territorial unit.

Advertising guerrilla techniques, undoubtedly successful in practical applications, are still new and fresh and not as explicitly explored academically as other marketing methods, a more tacit approach is used in the gathering of competitor information to use tactics to undermine a competitors legitimacy and increase the exposure and sales of the offensive organisation.

Among the Bahá ' ís who accepted Mason Remey as the second Guardian, several further divisions have occurred based on opinions of legitimacy and the proper succession of authority.

Throughout his reign, he was troubled by doubts over the legitimacy of his rule, and there were several revolts against him.

Although Gaullism, which had gained legitimacy during World War II, initially also attracted several left-wing individuals, Gaullism in government became decidedly conservative.

Furthermore, Saccard buys several newspapers which serve to maintain the illusion of legitimacy, promote the Banque, excite the public, and attack Rougon.

Rama I decided to move the capital of Siam to the east bank of the Chao Phraya river for several reasons, including its better strategic location and a desire to promote his legitimacy by starting from a clean slate.

The word " bantustan ", today, is often used in a pejorative sense when describing a region that lacks any real legitimacy, consists of several unconnected enclaves, and / or emerges from national or international gerrymandering.

After several early years of stigma associating finless riding with bad style, several prominent wakeskaters who prefer to ride finless have emerged over the last few years giving legitimacy to the argument that fins are a personal preference and not totally necessary.

Because of this the correctness of the original age estimates were repeatedly called into question ,< ref > Aldred, C., < cite > Akhenaten, King of Egypt </ cite > ( Thames and Hudson, 1988 ) p. 202 </ ref >< ref > Reeves, C. N., < cite > The Valley of the Kings </ cite > ( Kegan Paul, 1990 ) p. 49 </ ref >< ref > Bell, M. R., < cite >" An Armchair Excavation of KV 55 ", JARCE 27 ( 1990 )</ cite > pp. 135 </ ref > and prior to the genetic tests done in early 2010, several professional opinions were made suggesting a much later age for the skeletal remains, pointing to an age of about 35 years based on dentition or even later ( based on anthropological standards and more-recent X-rays of the long bones ).< ref > Reeves, C. N, < cite > Akhenaten, Egypt's False Prophet </ cite > ( Thames and Hudson, 2001 ) p. 84 </ ref > It must be remembered that it is very difficult to date a mummy's age, and there are many differing opinions on the legitimacy of dating techniques.

With the aid of whaler and trader Dicky Barrett, who had good contacts with Māori and a grasp of their language, William Wakefield began negotiating to buy land from the Māori around Petone in the Wellington area as soon as he arrived in New Zealand, and by the end of 1839 had concluded several purchases extending as far north as Patea that quickly became mired in controversy over their legitimacy.

The main instruments and their effects that enabled the shogun to exercise control over the shugo lords, and to broaden the base of the legitimacy of the regime involved: 1 ) a continuation of close ties between the Muromachi regime and the imperial court ; 2 ) the compulsory residential policy aimed at the shugo lords ; 3 ) further development of the shogunal army ( gobanshu ); 4 ) the rise of shogunal hegemony using the coalition of several shugo lords ; and 5 ) the use of commercial and agrarian revenue and taxes by the regime.

He was imprisoned and constrained to recognise the suzerainty of the count of Champagne, the legitimacy of Erard of Brienne's claim to Champagne, and relinquish several lordships to attain liberty again.

The Tribune has hired two former reporters of the City Weekly, while City Weekly has hired several former Tribune reporters over the same time span, with moves in both directions affirming the legitimacy of news reporting in City Weekly.

However, in addition to the military prioritizing and providing several concessions to the MMA in its rise to legitimacy, ideological pragmatism as a campaign strategy lifted the party into Pakistan ’ s mainstream political institutions.

The local councils in Kiev, Lviv, and several other cities passed, with the wide popular support of their constituency, a largely symbolic refusal to accept the legitimacy of the official election results, and Yushchenko took a symbolic presidential oath.

Following the controversial defeat that called into question the legitimacy of fair play by the referees who appeared to have badly missed several calls that ultimately cost the Spanish side the game, he announced his resignation, being replaced by Iñaki Sáez.

She bore him many children, but their legitimacy was assailed after their father's death by the exilarch's other sons (" Ma ' aseh Bostanai ," several times printed under different titles ; see Benjacob, s. v .).

The Reorganized National Government was one of several puppet states of the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War ( 1937 – 1945 ), and it was meant to rival the legitimacy of the government of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, which was of the same name and based in Chongqing.

Tony Wilmott ( director of the excavations ) has suggested that, after the end of Roman rule in Britain, the fort served as the power-base for a local warband descended from the late Roman garrison and possibly deriving legitimacy from their ancestors for several generations.

Allegedly, former Indonesian President Suharto held possession of this powerful pusaka and had Indonesia scoured for the many pusaka lost to time, including, according to rumours, the mask of Gadjah Mada, several tombak ( pikes and lances ) and many keris, to affirm his legitimacy as a modern pseudo-king.

Figurehead monarch, as source of legitimacy and possibly divine reign, has been the used form of government in several situations and places of history.