A proton magnetic resonance study of polycrystalline Af as a function of magnetic field and temperature is presented.

the magnetic moment of an unpaired electron associated nearby may have a tremendous influence on the magnetic resonance properties of nuclei.

Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) measurements

) provided the first evidence for the neural bases of altruistic giving in normal healthy volunteers, using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

During these activities, the researchers took functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) scans of the participants ' brains and were " surprised by the results ".

Spectroscopy consists of many different applications such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, dual polarisation interferometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy and so on.

For instance, Cooper pairs have been observed in ultracold gases of Fermions where a homogeneous magnetic field has been tuned to their Feshbach resonance.

Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) is a technique by which external magnetic fields can be used to find resonance modes of individual electrons, thus giving information about the atomic, molecular and bond structure of their neighborhood.

Condensed matter physics also has important applications to Biophysics, for example, the experimental technique of magnetic resonance imaging, which is widely used in medical diagnosis.

; Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging ( CMR ): Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) of the heart that utilizes the ECG for gating and to look at specific mechanical functions of the heart.

* Functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Although water is vital for life, the structure of this water in the cytosol is not well understood, mostly because methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance only give information on the average structure of water, and cannot measure local variations at the microscopic scale.

However, the use of advanced nuclear magnetic resonance methods to directly measure the mobility of water in living cells contradicts this idea, as it suggests that 85 % of cell water acts like that pure water, while the remainder is less mobile and probably bound to macromolecules.

* Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) MRI is a method of imaging objects that uses a strong magnetic field to detect the relaxation of protons that have been perturbed by a radio-frequency pulse.

Three main techniques are used to visualize the brain and search for AVM: computed tomography ( CT ), magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ), and cerebral angiography.

If a CT is used in conjunction of dye this is called a computerized tomography angiogram while if MRI is used it is called magnetic resonance angiogram.

T2 weighted magnetic resonance scan image showing bilaterally symmetrical hyperintensities in Caudate nucleus ( small, thin arrow ), Putamen ( long arrow ), with sparing of Globus Pallidus ( broad arrow ), suggestive of Extrapontine myelinolysis.

* Contrast dyes, injected for magnetic resonance imaging, are essentially the same as clothing dye except they are coupled to an agent that has strong paramagnetic properties.

by the absorption of energy from light ( photons ), magnetic fields, or interaction with a colliding particle ( typically other electrons ).

An alternating magnetic field is applied at the atomizer ( graphite furnace ) to split the absorption line into three components, the π component, which remains at the same position as the original absorption line, and two σ components, which are moved to higher and lower wavelengths, respectively ( see Zeeman Effect ).

Total absorption is measured without magnetic field and background absorption with the magnetic field on.

The advantage of this technique is that total and background absorption are measured with the same emission profile of the same lamp, so that any kind of background, including background with fine structure can be corrected accurately, unless the molecule responsible for the background is also affected by the magnetic field ; the disadvantage is the increased complexity of the spectrometer.

Dysprosium is used for its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section in making control rods in nuclear reactors, for its high magnetic susceptibility in data storage applications, and as a component of Terfenol-D. Soluble dysprosium salts are mildly toxic, while the insoluble salts are considered non-toxic.

by the absorption of energy from light ( photons ), magnetic fields, or interaction with a colliding particle ( typically other electrons ).

Magnetic circular dichroism ( MCD ) is the differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized ( LCP and RCP ) light, induced in a sample by a strong magnetic field oriented parallel to the direction of light propagation.

The development of MCD really began in the 1930s when a quantum mechanical theory of MOR ( magnetic optical rotatory dispersion ) in regions outside absorption bands was formulated.

In the presence of the static, uniform external magnetic field, the Hamiltonian for the absorbing center takes the form Ĥ = Ĥ < sub > 0 </ sup > + Ĥ < sub > 1 </ sup > which is parallel to the direction of the propagation of the electric field k. Because the transition occur between the two eigenstates of Ĥ < sub > 0 </ sub >, a and j, the absorption and the CD intensity are determined as follows:

Here Δk is the field-dependent difference between LCP and RCP absorption, α is the electric permeability, n is the index of refraction, H is the applied magnetic field, k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature.

In addition, there are a number of horizontal asymmetries – day-night difference in the height of the ionosphere, latitudinal changes in the Earth magnetic field, sudden ionospheric disturbances, polar cap absorption, variation in the Earth radius of +/- 11km from equator to geographic poles, etc.

Mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, atomic emission / absorption and chromatography experiments are also all by nature highly multivariate.

* Acoustic paramagnetic resonance, a resonant absorption effect used in magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Thus in 1857 he went to Peru in order to determine the magnetic equator ; in 1861 – 1862 and 1864, he studied telluric absorption in the solar spectrum in Italy and Switzerland ; in 1867 he carried out optical and magnetic experiments at the Azores ; he successfully observed both transits of Venus, that of 1874 in Japan, that of 1882 at Oran in Algeria ; and he took part in a long series of solar eclipse-expeditions, e. g. to Trani ( 1867 ), Guntur ( 1868 ), Algiers ( 1870 ), Siam ( 1875 ), the Caroline Islands ( 1883 ), and to Alcosebre in Spain ( 1905 ).

In NMR, nuclei with spin ≥ 1 / 2 have a magnetic dipole moment so that their energies are split by a magnetic field, allowing resonance absorption of energy related to the difference between the ground state energy and the excited state.

Pfahler ’ s well-equipped laboratoriescontain a 300-MHz nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectrometer, three Fourier-transform ( FTIR ) spectrometers, an isothermal calorimeter, two gas chromatography / mass spectrometers ( GC / MS ), a voltammetric analyzer, four U-V visible absorbance spectrometers, seven highperformance liquid chromatographs ( HPLC ), an atomic absorption ( AA ) spectrometer, a capillary electrophoresis ( CE ) apparatus, a Mössbauer spectrometer, and a fluorescence spectrometer.

Circular polarization is mainly due to transmission and absorption effects in strongly magnetic regions of the Sun's surface.

Beccaria had almost stumbled on a lead to the relationship between electricity and magnetism when a discharge from a Leyden jar was sent transversally through a piece of watch-spring steel making its ends magnetic.

The resulting magnetic effect proved stronger than when the discharge was made lengthwise.

The ship's compass was useless because of the nearness of the magnetic North Pole.

When a beam of silver atoms was passed through a specially shaped magnetic field, the beam was split based on the direction of an atom's angular momentum, or spin.

The reference he used to this effect was the Earth's magnetic field direction, which at that time was believed to be invariant.

In retrospect the name change was unfortunate, not only because the Greek roots alone do not reveal the anode's function any more, but more importantly because, as we now know, the Earth's magnetic field direction on which the " anode " term is based is subject to reversals whereas the current direction convention on which the " eisode " term was based has no reason to change in the future.

He was evidently a man of unusual magnetic force.

His research also involved the study of auroral phenomena, which he conducted with his assistant Olof Hiorter, and he was the first to suggest a connection between the aurora borealis and changes in the magnetic field of the Earth.

The relation between electric current, magnetic fields and physical forces was first noted by Hans Christian Ørsted who, in 1820, observed a compass needle was deflected from pointing North when a current flowed in an adjacent wire.

The tangent galvanometer was used to measure currents using this effect, where the restoring force returning the pointer to the zero position was provided by the Earth's magnetic field.

The Sensimatic developed into the Sensitronic which could store balances on a magnetic stripe which was part of the ledger card.

The Sensitronic was followed by the E1000, the E2000, E4000, E6000 and the E8000, which was computer system supporting magnetic tape, card reader / punches and a line printer.

In past years, the Factbook was available on CD-ROM, microfiche, magnetic tape, and floppy disk.

The first attempt at a microscopic description of magnetism was by Wilhelm Lenz and Ernst Ising through the Ising model that described magnetic materials as consisting of a periodic lattice of quantum spins that collectively acquired magnetization.

He developed a method of measuring the horizontal intensity of the magnetic field which was in use well into the second half of the 20th century, and worked out the mathematical theory for separating the inner and outer ( magnetospheric ) sources of Earth's magnetic field.

* The CGS unit for magnetic field was named gauss in his honour,

The cause of these emissions was difficult to establish due to a lack of knowledge of Jupiter's internal magnetic field and of the geometry of the impact sites.