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The measurements can be made with various instruments, including a task specific spectrometer, although the most common method is separation of the Red, Green, Blue and Near Infrared portion of the EM spectrum as acquired by digital cameras.
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However, the surface temperature gradient can produce erroneous vapor-pressure measurements for the bulk liquid helium unless precautions are taken to isolate the tube ( which passes through the surface to the vapor pressure bulb ) from the liquid helium surface.
This push to confine the study of mass behaviour to the measurements of parameters involved in differential equations has led sociology perilously close to the reduction of the word `` mass '' to mean a small group in which certain relations between all pairs of individuals in such a group can be studied.
These theoretical relationships are more clearly illustrated in Fig. 7 and their sum can be seen to correlate in form with practical measurements made with the Hesiometer as illustrated in the first portion of Fig. 5 for the cutting mechanism.
With more advanced equipment, but still cheap in comparison to professional setups, amateur astronomers can measure the light spectrum emitted from astronomical objects, which can yield high-quality scientific data if the measurements are performed with due care.
Precise measurements of the relative positions of the inner planets can be made by radar and by telemetry from space probes.
There are many factors that can affect these measurements.
In LS AAS background absorption can only be corrected using instrumental techniques, and all of them are based on two sequential measurements, firstly, total absorption ( atomic plus background ), secondly, background absorption only, and the difference of the two measurements gives the net atomic absorption.
Sonic anemometers can take measurements with very fine temporal resolution, 20 Hz or better, which makes them well suited for turbulence measurements.
Subsequently spatial measurements can be greatly affected, and careful analysis of the reconstructed volume is needd to ensure the correct results.
At the point where the Arno leaves the Apennines, flow measurements can vary between 0. 56 m³ / s and 3, 540 m³ / s.
Coulomb and Mott scattering measurements can be made by using electron beams as scattering probes, and similarly, positron annihilation can be used as an indirect measurement of local electron density.
The quantum hall effect is another example of measurements with high magnetic fields where topological properties such as Chern-Simons angle can be measured experimentally.
Correlation of subjective scales between individuals can show cognitive or sensory biases as compared to actual physical measurements.
The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled ( often a vehicle ) and those measurements can be used to give feedback to the input actuators that can make corrections toward desired performance.
For measurements at experimentally controlled volume, one can use the assumption, stated above, that the pressure of the body of calorimetric material is can be expressed as a function of its volume and temperature.
For measurements at experimentally controlled pressure, it is assumed that the volume of the body of calorimetric material can be expressed as a function of its temperature and pressure.
For measurements at experimentally controlled temperature, it is again assumed that the volume of the body of calorimetric material can be expressed as a function of its temperature and pressure, with the same provisos as mentioned just above.
In-situ measurements are required before a definitive answer can be arrived at, but due to the high plasma temperatures in the corona, in-situ measurements are impossible ( at least for the time being ).
measurements and be
For many of these measurements the chest must be opened, but the blood vessels and the heart itself remain undisturbed.
When sufficiently accurate and complete measurements are available, it will be possible to set limits on the thermal and electrical characteristics of the surface and subsurface materials of the moon.
Recent interferometer measurements ( Radhakrishnan and Roberts, 1960 ) have shown the 960-mc emission of Jupiter to be partially polarized and to originate in a region of larger diameter than the visible disk.
A system had to be used which did not depend upon the feeding of the fluid into the manometer if measurements of the normal pressure were to be made in a reasonable time.
Critical measurements in length and width directions should be taken before and after washing, drying, and restorative procedures.
" On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs.
As with all radar measurements, these rely on measuring the time taken for photons to be reflected from an object.
Altdorfer seems to exaggerate the measurements of the forest in comparison to the figures: the leaves appear to be larger than the horse, showing the significance of nature and landscape.
One of these corrections is that for lamp flicker noise, which is independent of wavelength, resulting in measurements with very low noise level ; other corrections are those for background absorption, as will be discussed later.
By the late 19th century, improved instruments were designed which could be mounted in any position and allowed accurate measurements in electric power systems.
Altair was later observed to be flattened by infrared interferometric measurements made by the Palomar Testbed Interferometer in 1999 and 2000.
The best measurements available ( from WMAP ) show that the data is well-fit by a Lambda-CDM model in which dark matter is assumed to be cold ( warm dark matter is ruled out by early reionization ), and is estimated to make up about 23 % of the matter / energy of the universe, while baryonic matter makes up about 4. 6 %.
Cosmologists now have fairly precise and accurate measurements of many of the parameters of the Big Bang model, and have made the unexpected discovery that the expansion of the Universe appears to be accelerating.
Because of this relationship, calcium isotopic measurements of urine or blood may be useful in the early detection of metabolic bone diseases like osteoporosis.
Gauss ordered a magnetic observatory to be built in the garden of the observatory, and with Weber founded the " Magnetischer Verein " ( magnetic club in German ), which supported measurements of Earth's magnetic field in many regions of the world.
measurements and made
In addition to the heart and aorta, successful measurements of liver and spleen have also been made by this technique.
The measurements made with the NRL 50-foot reflector, which is altitude-azimuth-mounted, would have shown a systematic change with local hour angle in the measured intensities of Venus and Jupiter if a substantial part of the radiation had been linearly polarized.
All subsequent measurements were made on material which had been heated to 375-degrees-C for one hour.
-- An extensive series of measurements was made on a high-density polyethylene in a torsion pendulum instrument using forced sinusoidal oscillation, free vibration, and creep measurements over the temperature range of Af to 80-degrees-C.
John Flamsteed, from measurements made in 1689 and succeeding years with his mural quadrant, similarly concluded that the declination of the Pole Star was 40 ″ less in July than in September.
Satellite measurements made in 1999 with the Wide Field Infrared Explorer showed that the brightness of Altair fluctuates slightly, varying by less than a thousandth of a magnitude.
This phenomenon, known as gravity darkening or the von Zeipel effect, was confirmed for Altair by measurements made by the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer in 2001, and analyzed by Ohishi et al.
( 2005 ) verified gravity darkening using the measurements made by the Palomar and Navy interferometers, together with new measurements made by the VINCI instrument at the VLTI.
The fortress at Montjuïc, most southerly point from which measurements were made when calculating the History of the metre # Meridional definition | meridional definition of the metre
The recent measurements made by WMAP, for example, have placed limits on the neutrino masses.
The Board of Trade carat was divisible into four diamond grains, but measurements were typically made in multiples of carat.
Random errors will tend to cancel out as more measurements are made, due to regression to the mean ; systematic errors will be detected by differences between the measurements ( and will also tend to cancel out since the direction of the error will still be random ).
After Zwicky's initial observations, the first indication that the mass to light ratio was anything other than unity came from measurements made by Horace Babcock.
After the invention of the telescope, measurements were made by observing occultations of stars by the Moon, which allowed the derivation of more closely spaced and more accurate values for ΔT.
0.493 seconds.