Chrétien depicts Arthur, like a typical medieval monarch, holding court at a number of cities and castles.

The work originated from an observation that many medieval cities are attractive and harmonious.

A centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of the time, Florence is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance, and has been called the Athens of the Middle Ages.

* Carcassonne-build a medieval landscape complete with walled cities, monasteries, roads, and fields.

The Mongols held Russia and Volga Bulgaria in sway from their western capital at Sarai, one of the largest cities of the medieval world.

The transfer of debt, which was " not permissible under Roman law but became widely practiced in medieval Europe, especially in commercial transactions ", was due to the large extent of the " trade conducted by the Italian cities with the Muslim world in the Middle Ages ".

Thus late medieval Guilds of St Luke in the cities of Flanders, or the " Accademia di San Luca " ( Academy of St. Luke ) in Rome — imitated in many other European cities during the 16th century — gathered together and protected painters.

Along with Universities, certain cities also had their own celebrities of biblical knowledge during the medieval period.

He also saw in the history of medieval European cities the rise of a unique form of " non-legitimate domination " that successfully challenged the existing forms of legitimate domination ( traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal ) that had prevailed until then in the Medieval world.

Complex systems of underground tunnels were used for storage and communications in medieval cities like Tábor in Bohemia.

As the Middle Ages progressed in Italy, Italian cities began to rely mostly on mercenaries to do their fighting rather than the militias that had dominated the early and high medieval period in this region.

Magdeburg is situated on the Elbe River and was one of the most important medieval cities of Europe.

Montalcino is divided, like most medieval Tuscan cities, into quarters called contrade, Borghetto, Travaglio, Pianello and Ruga, each with their own colours, songs and separate drum rhythms to distinguish them.

In medieval Europe, such documents were issued to travellers by local authorities, and generally contained a list of towns and cities into which a document holder was permitted to pass.

As in all German cities the Altstadt old city medieval sections, are the most popular attractions of any town.

Complex systems of underground tunnels were used for storage and communications in medieval cities like Tábor in Bohemia, similar to those used much later in Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

In 1280, the city ( or as it was then, both cities ) joined the mercantile Hanseatic League, and thus became an important medieval trade centre.

The cities of northern Italy had become exceedingly wealthy through trade, and represented a marked turning point in the transition from medieval feudalism.

A few medieval cities were admired for their wide thoroughfares and orderly arrangements, but the juridical chaos of medieval cities ( where the administration of streets was sometimes passed down through noble families ), and the characteristic tenacity of medieval Europeans in legal matters prevented frequent or large-scale urban planning until the Renaissance and the early-modern strengthening of central government administration, as European society transited from city-states to what we would recognize as a more modern concept of a nation-state.

Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favour of gunmetals and other mixed alloys but by the end of the first Millennium AD brass artefacts are found in Scandinavian graves in Scotland, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in Northumbria and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of brass in Germany and The Low Countries areas rich in calamine ore which would remain important centres of brass making throughout the medieval period, especially Dinant – brass objects are still collectively known as dinanterie in French.

Some have theorized it emerged from the overwhelming influence of Low German in medieval times, having flattened the originally Nordic melodic accent, but stød is absent in most southern Danish dialects where Low German impact would have been the greatest.

The Low Countries were great centres of heraldry in medieval times.

The term " Merovingian " comes from medieval Latin Merovingi or Merohingi (" sons of Merovech "), an alteration of an unattested Old West Low Franconian form, akin to their dynasty's Old English name Merewīowing, with the final-ing being a typical patronymic suffix.

Similarly, the Scandinavian Tjodrik is attested for the 12th century, but it is replaced by the Low German forms Ditrik, Dirk in the late medieval period.

In the medieval era, some allodial and enfiefed lands held by nobles were created or recognized as baronies by the Holy Roman Emperors, within whose realm most of the Low Countries lay.

In the Low Countries and German-speaking Europe this position was known as baljuw ( from bailli ), but other words were used such as schout " reeve, ( medieval ) bailiff " ( Holland, Antwerp, Mechelen ,'s-Hertogenbosch, Turnhout ), meier " majordomo " ( Asse, Leuven ), drossāte " steward, seneschal " ( other parts of Brabant ), amman ( Brussels ), and Amtmann and Ammann ( Germany, Switzerland, Austria ).

Many hedgerows separating fields from lanes in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Low Countries are estimated to have been in existence for more than seven hundred years, originating in the medieval period.

Church dedications, artwork, folklore and medieval manuscripts indicate the extent of the cult of Brigid in England, Scotland and Wales, Brittany, northern and eastern France, the Low Countries, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and northern Italy.

Behind Haversham lakes is the ruined church of St Peter's which belonged originally to the medieval village of Stanton Low.

Low relief was relatively rare in Western medieval art, but may be found, for example in wooden figures or scenes on the insides of the folding wings of multi-panel altarpieces.

Historically, the contemporary Flemish community ( or nation, as some Flemings see it ) grew out of the Catholic southern part of the medieval XVII provinces of the Low Countries.

For example, Baron Bielfeld, a Prussian officer and comparative Latinist, defined his interpretation of the low in Low Latin, which he saw as medieval Latin, prejudicially as follows: The fourth age of the Latin tongue is that of the remainder of the middle age, and the 1st centuries of modern times, during which the language fell by degrees into so great a decadency, that it became nothing better than a barbarous jargon.

City rights are a medieval phenomenon in the history of the Low Countries.

Little is recorded of medieval Blaydon, which appears to have been based upon the modern farm sites of High and Low Shibdon.

The Parliament building's Perpendicular style reflects the predominance of the later forms of English Gothic in the early Victorian period, but this later gave way to a preference for plain Early English or French Gothic, and above all to a style derived from the architecture of medieval Italy and the Low Countries.

The authorship of Elckerlijc is attributed to Peter van Diest, a medieval writer from the Low Countries.

Peter van Diest ( Latinised as Petrus Diesthemius ) was a medieval writer from the Low Countries.

In the Protestant Reformation, the great majority of medieval religious art was destroyed in Protestant areas, mostly in orderly official removals, but sometimes in riotous attacks, of which the most widespread were those of the Beeldenstorm which swept the Low Countries in the summer of 1566.

But to return to the main line of our inquiry, it is doubtful that Utopia is still widely read because More was medieval or even because he was a martyr -- indeed, it is likely that these days many who read Utopia with interest do not even know that its author was a martyr.

Another candidate for one of the first scholars to carry out comparative ethnographic-type studies in person was the medieval Persian scholar Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī in the eleventh century, who wrote about the peoples, customs, and religions of the Indian subcontinent.

The Etymologicum Magnum presents a medieval learned pseudo-etymology, explaining Aphrodite as derived from the compound habrodiaitos (" she who lives delicately " from habros + diaita ) explaining the alternation between b and ph as a " familiar " characteristic of Greek " obvious from the Macedonians ".

High medieval sources mention the assassination of King Demetrius Zvonimir ( 1089 ), dying at the hands of his own people, who objected to a proposition by the Pope to go on a campaign to aid the Byzantines against the Seljuk Turks.

The opposing armies are made up of reservists, up to 1, 600 in some scenes, who had been given permission to grow beards and swapped their drab uniforms for medieval garb.

The idea of an artifact made conscious is an ancient theme of mythology, appearing for example in the Greek myth of Pygmalion, who carved a statue that was magically brought to life, and in medieval Jewish stories of the Golem, a magically animated homunculus built of clay.

Just as medieval group litigation bound all members of the group regardless of whether they all actually appeared in court, the modern class action binds all members of the class, with the exception of those who appear and object.

In medieval Anglo-Saxon England, society was organized, according to Alfred the Great into three hierarchical orders: Gebedmen ( men who pray ), Fyrdmen ( men who fight ), Weorcmen ( men who work ).

According to Mircea Eliade, the medieval " Gioacchinian myth [...] of universal renovation in a more or less imminent future " has influenced a number of modern theories of history, such as those of Lessing ( who explicitly compares his views to those of medieval " enthusiasts "), Fichte, Hegel, and Schelling, and has also influenced a number of Russian writers.

Christine de Pizan ( also seen as de Pisan ) ( 1363 – c. 1430 ) was a Venetian-born late medieval author who challenged misogyny and stereotypes prevalent in the late medieval culture.

Head of Programmes Wales at the BBC, Aneirin Talfan Davies, who commissioned several of Thomas ' early radio talks, believed that the poet's " whole attitude is that of the medieval bards.

This statement was likely picked up by the author of the Estoire Merlin, or Vulgate Merlin, where the author ( who was fond of fanciful folk etymologies ) asserts that Escalibor " is a Hebrew name which means in French ' cuts iron, steel, and wood '" (" c ' est non Ebrieu qui dist en franchois trenche fer & achier et fust "; note that the word for " steel " here, achier, also means " blade " or " sword " and comes from medieval Latin aciarium, a derivative of acies " sharp ", so there is no direct connection with Latin chalybs in this etymology ).

The new name " Falstaff " probably derived from the medieval knight Sir John Fastolf ( who was also a Lollard ).

Both branches descend in unbroken, legitimate male line from the medieval kings of Georgia down to Constantine II of Georgia who died in 1505.

This accords with the teaching of the medieval Carmelites, who lived as an eremetic congregation on Carmel in the 13th century ; but who claimed ( without any evidence ) to be direct successors of Elijah and the Old Testament prophets.

There are also stories of medieval knights and saints who went on pilgrimages to a cave located in Station Island, County Donegal in Ireland, where they made journeys inside the earth into a place of purgatory.

Although high level of stylization, mystical appeal, and surreal elegance were often preferred over realism ( such as in shan shui style ), beginning with the medieval Song Dynasty there were many Chinese painters then and afterwards who depicted scenes of nature that were vividly real.

Ivanhoe, though of a more noble lineage than some of the other characters, represents a middling individual in the medieval class system who is not exceptionally outstanding in his abilities, as is expected of other quasi historical fictional characters, such as the Greek heroes.

Their voyages were influenced by medieval European adventurers, who had journeyed overland to the Far East and contributed to geographical knowledge of parts of Asia upon their return.

The Jews, who held a vulnerable position in medieval England, protected only by the king, were subject to huge taxes ; £ 44, 000 was extracted from the community by the tallage of 1210 ; much of it was passed on to the Christian debtors of Jewish moneylenders.