This form of guilty plea has been frequently used in local and state courts in the United States, though it consists of a small percentage of all plea bargains in the U. S. The form of plea is not allowed in courts of the United States military.

Instead of just establishing it as a military prison, he provided for a civil administration, with courts of law.

The year 1705 proved almost entirely barren for the Duke whose military disappointments were only partly compensated by efforts on the diplomatic front where, at the courts of Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Vienna, Berlin and Hanover, Marlborough sought to bolster support for the Grand Alliance and extract promises of prompt assistance for the following year ’ s campaign.

The city offered courts to nobles as an alternative to rebuilding their castles, in exchange for the nobles ' military protection of the city.

Chile's judiciary is independent and includes a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal, and the Supreme Court.

Diocletian's reforms shifted the governors ' main function to that of the presiding official in the lower courts: whereas in the early Empire military and judicial functions were the function of governor, and procurators had supervised taxation ; under the new system vicarii and governors were responsible for justice and taxation, and a new class of duces (" dukes "), acting independently of the civil service, had military command.

Under the " independent tribunal " requirement, the Court has ruled that military judges in Turkish state security courts are incompatible with Article 6.

Despite the safeguards built into the constitutions of most of these organizations, courts and tribunals, the concept of universal jurisdiction is controversial among those states which prefer unilateral to multilateral solutions through the use of executive or military authority, sometimes described as realpolitik-based diplomacy.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

Persuasive precedent includes cases decided by lower courts, by peer or higher courts from other geographic jurisdictions, cases made in other parallel systems ( for example, military courts, administrative courts, indigenous / tribal courts, state courts versus federal courts in the United States ), statements made in dicta, treatises or academic law reviews, and in some exceptional circumstances, cases of other nations, treaties, world judicial bodies, etc.

The famous " capitulation " law ( or " status-of-forces agreement ") would allow members of the U. S. armed forces in Iran to be tried in their own military courts.

It also assures the independence of the judiciary, which in turn is protected by a judicial committee ; b ) a three-tier judicial system including a supreme court, a court of appeals, and courts of first instance ( either divided between district and regional courts, or a single court per region ); and c ) the laws of the civilian government which were in effect prior to the military coup d ' état that saw the Barre regime into power remain in force until the laws are amended.

The Military Court of Cassation ( Askeri Yargıtay ) and The Military High Court of Administration ( or the Supreme Military Administrative Court ) ( Askeri Yüksek İdare Mahkemesi ) are the highest bodies to which appeals of decisions of military courts are to be made.

There are also electoral courts and administrative (" contentious ") courts, an accounts court, and a military justice system.

The Easter Rising of 1916, and in particular the decision of the British military authorities to execute many of its leaders after courts martial, generated sympathy for the republican cause in Ireland.

One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India after a number of military conquests.

Afonso de Albuquerque ( or archaically spelt as Aphonso d ' Albuquerque and also spelt as Alfonso, and Alphonso ; ; 1453December 16, 1515 ), 1st Duke of Goa, was a Portuguese fidalgo, or nobleman, an admiral whose military and administrative activities as second governor of Portuguese India conquered and established the Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian Ocean.

A number of bridges, both for military and commercial purposes, were constructed by the Mughal administration in India.

The beginnings of badminton can be traced to mid-18th century British India, where it was created by British military officers stationed there.

* Carnatic Wars, a series of military contests in India during the 18th century

* 1972 – Vijay Diwas: ( Victory Day ) is commemorated every 16 December in India as it marks its military victory over Pakistan in 1971 during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.

* David Edward Brewster ( 17 August 1815 –) became a military officer ( Lieutenant Colonel ) serving in India.

US military activities in Diego Garcia have caused friction between India and the US in the past.

Various political parties in India repeatedly called for the military base to be dismantled, as they saw the US naval presence in Diego Garcia as a hindrance to peace in the Indian Ocean.

There are also military ties between Afghanistan and India, which is expected to increase after the October 2011 strategic pact that was signed by President Karzai and Manmohan Singh.

The military exploits of the first three rulers — Chandragupta I ( c. 319 – 335 ), Samudragupta ( c. 335 – 376 ), and Chandragupta II ( c. 376 – 415 ) — brought much of India under their leadership.

With the world's seventh largest military expenditure, ninth largest economy by nominal rates and third largest by purchasing power parity, India is a regional power, a nascent great power and a potential superpower.

However, India developed close ties with the Soviet Union and received extensive military support from it.

Though India continues to have a military relationship with Russia, Israel has emerged as India's second largest military partner while India has built a strong strategic partnership with the United States.

India and Japan signed a security cooperation agreement in which both will hold military exercises, police the Indian Ocean and conduct military-to-military exchanges on fighting terrorism, making India one of only three countries, the other two being the United States and Australia, with which Japan has such a security pact.

When the Japanese carried their attack through Burma ( now Myanmar ) to the borders of India in the spring of 1942, the British government, faced by this new military threat, decided to make some overtures to India, as Nehru had originally desired.

It increased his popularity in India, but he was criticized by the communist oppposition in India for the use of military force.

From 1959, in a process that accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the " Forward Policy " of setting up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in territory not previously controlled by India.

The aftermath of the war saw sweeping changes in the Indian military to prepare it for similar conflicts in the future, and placed pressure on Nehru, who was seen as responsible for failing to anticipate the Chinese attack on India.

The networks for military communications are one of the best examples of networks which not only must be changed with the changes in objectives but also must be changed with the addition of new machines of war.

The commands are specified by the military regulations ; ;

In contrast to cocktail parties, military organizations, even in the field, are more formal.

Not discussed here are some military problems of modern times such as undersea warfare, where the surveillance, sending, transmitting, and receiving are all so inadequate that networks and decision making are not the bottlenecks.

Examples are in public utilities, making military aircraft and accessories, or where the investment and risk for a proprietorship would be too great for a much needed project impossible to achieve by any means other than the corporate form, e.g. constructing major airports or dams.

No matter how earnest is our quest for guaranteed peace, we must maintain a high degree of military effectiveness at the same time we are engaged in negotiating the issue of arms reduction.

Second, our military missile program, going forward so successfully, does not suffer from our present lack of very large rocket engines, which are necessary in distant space exploration.

Indeed it might be a more appropriate vehicle than NATO for the development of a parliamentary organ of the Atlantic nations, because it could encompass all of the members of the Atlantic community including those, like Sweden and Switzerland, who are unwilling to be associated with an essentially military alliance like Aj.

These continuing pressures, social, economic and military, are doing much to keep China in a heightening state of tension.

Research and development activities undertaken by the Secretary shall be coordinated or conducted jointly with the Department of Defense to the end that developments under this Act which are primarily of a civil nature will contribute to the defense of the Nation and that developments which are primarily of a military nature will, to the greatest practicable extent compatible with military and security requirements, be available to advance the purposes of this Act and to strengthen the civil economy of the Nation.

These registries are sponsored by 18 national medical, dental, and veterinary societies and have as their mission the assembling of selected cases of interest to military medicine and of establishing through the mechanism of follow-up of living patients the natural history of various diseases of military-medical importance.

Strategy and tactics of the U.S. military forces are now undergoing one of the greatest transitions in history.

-- About 30% of the expenditures for the Department of Defense in 1961 are for military personnel costs, including pay for active, reserve, and retired military personnel.

The decreases, which are largely in construction and in aircraft procurement, are offset in part by increases for research and development and for procurement of other military equipment such as tanks, vehicles, guns, and electronic devices.

This reflects the very heavy engineering content of the products -- which are not military.

The major defensive problems are concerned with the possibility of overt military delivery of biological agents from appropriate disseminating devices.

One should keep in mind that many of the exciting possiblities of roleplaying are largely unexplored and have not been used in industry to the extent that they have been in military and other areas.

This makes it certain that Federal expenditures for military preparedness and foreign economic aid are likely to rise further in the next several years.