Rutherford interpreted the gold foil experiment as suggesting that the positive charge of a heavy gold atom and most of its mass was concentrated in a nucleus at the center of the atom — the Rutherford model.

Thus, the planetary model of the atom was discarded in favor of one that described atomic orbital zones around the nucleus where a given electron is most likely to be observed.

The standard model of particle physics was developed that so far has successfully explained the properties of the nucleus in terms of these sub-atomic particles and the forces that govern their interactions.

With the development of quantum mechanics, it was found that the orbiting electrons around a nucleus could not be fully described as particles, but needed to be explained by the wave-particle duality.

However, the idea that electrons might revolve around a compact nucleus with definite angular momentum was convincingly argued at least 19 years earlier by Niels Bohr, and the Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka published an orbit-based hypothesis for electronic behavior as early as 1904.

In 1909 Ernest Rutherford discovered that the positive half of atoms was tightly condensed into a nucleus,

Gamow solved a model potential for the nucleus and derived, from first principles, a relationship between the half-life of the decay, and the energy of the emission, which had been previously discovered empirically, and was known as the Geiger – Nuttall law.

The nucleus of the estate was a small farm of, called Cartleyhole, nicknamed Clarty ( i. e., muddy ) Hole, and was bought by Scott on the lapse of his lease ( 1811 ) of the neighbouring house of Ashestiel.

By the late 1940s it was known that the properties of atomic nucleus could not be explained by the then-current models ( such as the liquid drop model developed by Niels Bohr amongst others ).

The plum pudding model of the atom by J. J. Thomson, who discovered the electron in 1897, was proposed in 1904 before the discovery of the atomic nucleus in order to add the electron to the atomic model.

The cell nucleus was discovered by Robert Brown in 1831.

The nucleus was the first organelle to be discovered.

Brown was studying orchids under microscope when he observed an opaque area, which he called the areola or nucleus, in the cells of the flower's outer layer.

Therefore, the necessity of the sperm nucleus for fertilization was discussed for quite some time.

The function of the nucleus as carrier of genetic information became clear only later, after mitosis was discovered and the Mendelian rules were rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century ; the chromosome theory of heredity was therefore developed.

By the end of the 1993 season, the team was in transition, leaving Cleveland Stadium and fielding a talented nucleus of young players.

The amount of sulfur implied by the quantities of these compounds was much greater than the amount that would be expected in a small cometary nucleus, showing that material from within Jupiter was being revealed.

As well as these molecules, emission from heavy atoms such as iron, magnesium and silicon was detected, with abundances consistent with what would be found in a cometary nucleus.

She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilised oocyte ( developing egg cell ) that has had its nucleus removed.

* The femtometre, a convenient unit of length in dealing with distances inside the atomic nucleus, was coined the " fermi " by Robert Hofstadter in a 1956, and is still a term widely used.

In chemistry and physics, the atomic number ( also known as the proton number ) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus.

Because an alpha particle is the same as a helium-4 nucleus, which has mass number 4 and atomic number 2, this can also be written as:

This gives a significant amount of energy to the recoiling nucleus, which also causes ionization damage.

The reverse reaction ( in free space, without an atomic nucleus ) is also impossible for this reason.

The theory is also used in nuclear physics to describe the pairing interaction between nucleons in an atomic nucleus.

His captains were also highly praised, and would go on to form the nucleus of the legendary Nelsonic Band of Brothers.

Distinct types of membranes also create intracellular organelles: endosome ; smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum ; sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Golgi apparatus ; lysosome ; mitochondrion ( inner and outer membranes ); nucleus ( inner and outer membranes ); peroxisome ; vacuole ; cytoplasmic granules ; cell vesicles ( phagosome, autophagosome, clathrin-coated vesicles, COPI-coated and COPII-coated vesicles ) and secretory vesicles ( including synaptosome, acrosomes, melanosomes, and chromaffin granules ).

The number of protons in the atomic nucleus also determines its electric charge, which in turn determines the number of electrons of the atom in its non-ionized state.

In 1935, H. H. James and A. S. Coolidge carried out a calculation on the dihydrogen molecule that, unlike all previous calculation which used functions only of the distance of the electron from the atomic nucleus, used functions which also explicitly added the distance between the two electrons.

It is also situated at the nucleus of Coptic Orthodox community, which separated from the Roman and Byzantine church in the late 4th century.

It also contains ribosomes ; however most of its proteins are encoded by genes contained in the host cell nucleus, with the protein products transported to the chloroplast.

Calreticulin is also found in the nucleus, suggesting that it may have a role in transcription regulation.

If the cell is growing rapidly, each complex also needs to transport about 6 newly assembled large and small ribosomal subunits per minute from the nucleus to the cytosol, where they are used to synthesize proteins.

The spin of the electrons in atoms is the main source of ferromagnetism, although there is also a contribution from the orbital angular momentum of the electron about the nucleus.

The unusual stability of the helium-4 nucleus is also important cosmologically: it explains the fact that in the first few minutes after the Big Bang, as the " soup " of free protons and neutrons which had initially been created in about 6: 1 ratio cooled to the point that nuclear binding was possible, almost all first compound atomic nuclei to form were helium-4 nuclei.

Some protein hormones also interact with intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracrine mechanism.

This effect is also explained by special relativity, and it leads to the so-called spin-orbit coupling, i. e., an interaction between the electron's orbital motion around the nucleus, and its spin.

The first stage of prophase I is the leptotene stage, also known as leptonema, from Greek words meaning " thin threads ". In this stage of prophase I, individual chromosomes — each consisting of two sister chromatids — change from the diffuse state they exist in during the cell's period of growth and gene expression, and condense into visible strands within the nucleus.

Polyadenylation is also important for transcription termination, export of the mRNA from the nucleus, and translation.

* Inside the atomic nucleus the protons and neutrons are also probably moving around due the electrical repulsion of the protons and the presence of angular momentum of both particles.

They are also found on the terminal axons of primary afferents within laminae I and II ( substantia gelatinosa ) of the spinal cord and in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.

The locus of the monoamine action of modafinil has also been the target of studies, identifying effects on dopamine in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, noradrenaline in the hypothalamus and ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, and serotonin in the amygdala and frontal cortex.