Operations which would typically be impure ( such as input / output ) are expressed using pure constructs in Mercury using linear types, by threading a dummy " world " value through all relevant code.

Since the E1 component of nuclear EMP depends on the prompt gamma ray output, which was only 0. 1 % of yield in Starfish Prime but can be 0. 5 % of yield in pure fission weapons of low yield, a 10 kiloton bomb can easily be 5 x 8 % = 40 % as powerful as the 1. 44 megaton Starfish Prime at producing EMP.

The distortion of a waveform relative to a pure sinewave can be measured either by using a wave analyser to analyse the output wave into its constituent harmonics and noting the amplitude of each relative to the fundamental ; or by cancelling out the fundamental with a notch filter and measuring the remaining signal, which will be total aggregate harmonic distortion plus noise.

A Cournot equilibrium occurs when each firm's output maximizes its profits given the output of the other firms, which is a pure strategy Nash Equilibrium.

In digital circuit theory, combinational logic ( sometimes also referred to as combinatorial logic ) is a type of digital logic which is implemented by boolean circuits, where the output is a pure function of the present input only.

He also views American immigration laws as too restrictive and damaging to economic output: " It is pure idiocy that Congress will not open our borders – as wide as possible – to attract and keep the world's first-round intellectual draft choices in an age when everyone increasingly has the same innovation tools and the key differentiator is human talent.

The last often introduce additional entropy when available and, strictly speaking, are not " pure " pseudorandom number generators, as their output is not completely determined by their initial state.

A pure sine wave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave output ( less than 3 % total harmonic distortion ) that is essentially the same as utility-supplied grid power.

* sweeping a constant-amplitude pure tone through the bandwidth of interest and measuring the output level and phase shift relative to the input

Some prerequisites are needed for control scheme to be reliable by pure feed-forward without feedback: the external command or controlling signal must be available, and the effect of the output of the system on the load should be known ( that usually means that the load must be predictably unchanging with time ).

which indicates that high pressure sodium sources produce roughly one-third to one-half of the skyglow compared to the output of typical metal halide sources, based on the same amount of light entering the atmosphere and pure Rayleigh scattering.

This creates issues with comparative gain measurements since neither is a pure ratio, although both are measured as a value of output intensity over input intensity.

In a pure RC circuit, the output risetime ( 10 % to 90 %), as shown above, is approximately equal to.

The neutron output per kiloton is then 10-15 times greater than for a pure fission implosion weapon or for a strategic warhead like a W87 or W88.

In the Schrödinger picture, an instrument is a map Φ with pure quantum input and with output space:

Human urine and feces are input into one end of the reactor and pure oxygen, pure water, and compost ( humanure ) are output from the other end.

This produces an almost pure light fraction from the output ( light ) of the first centrifuge and an almost pure heavy fraction from the output ( heavy ) of the last centrifuge.

Using steel reflectors instead of U-238 blankets, the reactor operates in pure burner mode and is not a net creator of fissile material ; on balance it will consume fissile and fertile material and, assuming loss-free reprocessing, output no actinides but only fission products and activation products.

* The aggregate Stackelberg output is greater than pure monopoly or cartel, but less than the perfectly competitive output.

Due to its high efficient white output, xenon is used extensively for photographic applications, despite its great expense.

At low current densities, krypton's spectral line output in the near-IR range is better matched to the absorption profile of neodymium based laser media than xenon emission, and very closely matches the narrow absorption profile of Nd: YAG.

At low current densities krypton flashlamps have higher output in those bands than do the more common xenon lamps, which produce more light at around 900 nm.

The white, continuous light generated by the xenon arc is spectrally similar to daylight, but the lamp has a rather low efficiency in terms of lumens of visible light output per watt of input power.

Xenon-mercury short-arc lamps have a bluish-white spectrum and extremely high UV output.

Germany, Austria and Scandinavia used the Hefnerkerze, a unit based on the output of a Hefner lamp.

LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

In a standard lamp, the speed of the halogen regenerative cycle is much slower, but it operates continuously to prevent the bulb from blackening and thus maintaining a constant light output during lamp life.

The fresnel lens ( 3M utilized a square lens masked to create a ball indication, McCain used a circular lens itself ) focuses or concentrates the light output created by the lamp, and creates a uniform display of light for the lane in which it is intended.

The light output of an incandescent lamp in a flashlight varies widely depending on the type of lamp.

This would be difficult to do with a single incandescent bulb since efficacy of the lamp drops rapidly at low output.

An HID lamp requires a short warm-up time before it reaches full output.

If both sensors show the same output or the rear O < sub > 2 </ sub > is " switching ", the computer recognizes that the catalytic converter either is not functioning or has been removed, and will operate a malfunction indicator lamp and affect engine performance.

Germany, Austria, and Scandinavia used the Hefnerkerze, a unit based on the output of a Hefner lamp.

By decreasing or increasing the RMS voltage and, hence, the mean power to the lamp, it is possible to vary the intensity of the light output.

Another unique property of LPS lamps is that, unlike other lamp types, they do not decline in lumen output with age.

Diagram showing the spectral output of a typical high pressure sodium ( HPS ) lamp.

As a lamp gets older, the maintaining voltage for the arc eventually rises to exceed the maximum voltage output by the electrical ballast.

Lasers also then being in the future, the best then-available approximation to a coherent light source was the output of a mercury vapor lamp, passed through a color filter that was matched to the lamp spectrum's green band, and then concentrated as well as possible onto a very small beam-limiting aperture.

The lamp yielded about 10 lumens per watt, which was about triple the output of incandescent lights based on carbon filaments.

The Germans, however, dissented and decided to use a definition equal to 9 / 10 of the output of a Hefner lamp.

Power output available to the hobbyist can range from a meager 9 W fluorescent lamp to a blinding 1000 W metal halide lamp.

* Minimal Lumen depreciation ( declining light output with age ) compared to other lamp types as filament evaporation and depletion is absent ;

The company took advantage of advances in lamp and reflector technology to increase luminous output with less wattage.

This control board carefully adjusts the high frequency duty cycle of its transistors to maintain optimum color and light output as the lamp ages.

The square wave nature of the output results in a straight-line power output from the lamp.