Moreover, whereas in Interstate Commerce Commission parlance `` variable cost '' means a cost deemed to vary in direct proportion to changes in rate of output, in the type of analysis now under review `` variable cost '' has been used more broadly, so as to cover costs which, while a function of some one variable ( such as output of energy, or number of customers ), are not necessarily a linear function.

The reported output from global aquaculture operations would supply one half of the fish and shellfish that is directly consumed by humans ; however, there are issues about the reliability of the reported figures.

It had feature limitations such as being unable to output more than one channel of sound, ( and provided fewer Envelope-shaping options ) where the BBC was capable of three-way polyphony ( plus one noise channel ) and the inability to provide teletext mode.

Exile turns the Electron's one channel output into a digital speaker for PCM output.

A block cipher consists of two paired algorithms, one for encryption, E, and the other for decryption, D. Both algorithms accept two inputs: an input block of size n bits and a key of size k bits ; and both yield an n-bit output block.

; Pulseless ventricular tachycardia: Pulseless ventricular tachycardia ( VT ) Is one classification of VT such that no pulse is felt because of an ineffective cardiac output which causes cardiac arrest.

# representation and algorithm, giving a representation of the input and output and the algorithm which transforms one into the other ; and

As a result of the Attlee Government ’ s initiatives in agriculture, there was a 20 % increase in output between 1947 and 1952, while Britain adopted one of the most mechanised and efficient farming industries in the world.

Suppose that F is a partial function that takes one argument, a finite binary string, and possibly returns a single binary string as output.

However, consider the short but never halting algorithm which systematically lists and runs all possible programs ; whenever one of them halts its probability gets added to the output ( initialized by zero ).

The output in 2005 was around 4, 000 tonnes of limestone per day, one third of which was supplied to an on-site lime kiln, which closed in 2009 ; the remainder was sold as coated or dusted aggregates.

In these devices, one shaft is typically attached to a motor or other power unit ( the driving member ) while the other shaft ( the driven member ) provides output power for work to be done.

( t ) he use of two channels, one transmitting the predominating color ( signal T ), and the other the mean brilliance ( signal t ) output from a single television transmitter to be received not only by color television receivers provided with the necessary more expensive equipment, but also by the ordinary type of television receiver which is more numerous and less expensive and which reproduces the pictures in black and white only.

When one or more output variables of a system need to follow a certain reference over time, a controller manipulates the inputs to a system to obtain the desired effect on the output of the system.

This is called a single-input-single-output ( SISO ) control system ; MIMO ( i. e., Multi-Input-Multi-Output ) systems, with more than one input / output, are common.

Based on passive cable theory one can track how changes in a neuron ’ s dendritic morphology changes the membrane voltage at the soma, and thus how variation in dendrite architectures affects the overall output characteristics of the neuron.

Continuous distillation produces at least two output fractions, including at least one volatile distillate fraction, which has boiled and been separately captured as a vapor condensed to a liquid.

The instruction format could be broadly categorized into one of three functions: < nowiki > 1 ) register-to-register manipulation, 2 ) memory reference, and 3 )</ nowiki > input / output.

Each point on the curve shows potential total output for the economy, which is the maximum feasible output of one good, given a feasible output quantity of the other good.

A logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function, that is, it performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output.

The semiconductor logic gate, on the other hand, acts as a high-gain voltage amplifier, which sinks a tiny current at its input and produces a low-impedance voltage at its output.

It is not possible for current to flow between the output and the input of a semiconductor logic gate.

This means that the output of one gate can be wired to the inputs of one or several other gates, and so on.

Also, there is always a delay, called the ' propagation delay ', from a change in input of a gate to the corresponding change in its output.

The Cray-1 used only four different IC types, an ECL dual 5-4 NOR gate ( one 5-input, and one 4-input, each with differential output ), another slower MECL 10K 5-4 NOR gate used for address fanout, a 16 × 4-bit high speed ( 6 ns ) static RAM ( SRAM ) used for registers, and a 1, 024 × 1-bit 50 ns SRAM used for the main memory.

Two-input TTL Sheffer stroke # NAND gate | NAND gate with a simple output stage ( simplified ).

The strength of the gate may be increased without proportionally affecting the power consumption by removing the pull-up and pull-down resistors from the output stage.

In some cases ( e. g., when the output of a TTL logic gate needs to be used for driving the input of a CMOS gate ), the voltage level of the " totem-pole " output stage at output logical " 1 " can be increased up to V < sub > CC </ sub > by connecting an external resistor between the V < sub > 3 </ sub > collector and the positive rail.

The n-type MOSFETs are arranged in a so-called " pull-down network " ( PDN ) between the logic gate output and negative supply voltage, while a resistor is placed between the logic gate output and the positive supply voltage.

The only case where the output is high is when both transistors are off, which occurs only when both A and B are low, thus satisfying the truth table of a NOR gate:

This arrangement is called " NOR flash " because it acts like a NOR gate: when one of the word lines ( connected to the cell's CG ) is brought high, the corresponding storage transistor acts to pull the output bit line low.

* Circuit Value Problem ( CVP )-Given a circuit, the inputs to the circuit, and one gate in the circuit, calculate the output of that gate

It is obvious that such an influence can only be expected in the final stage of an image intensifier at rather high output levels.

Thus if the gyro and platform-controller combination maintains the platform with zero angular deviation about the **yf axis, the system can be rotated with an angular velocity Af if a torque is supplied to the gyro output axis Aj.

It is assumed that the gyros are designed with electrical torquers so that a torque can be applied about their output axes.

" Thus Boolos and Jeffrey are saying that an algorithm implies instructions for a process that " creates " output integers from an arbitrary " input " integer or integers that, in theory, can be chosen from 0 to infinity.

If it is assumed that all color values are premultiplied by their alpha values (), we can rewrite the equation for output color as:

The speaker can be programmatically switched on or off at any time but is permanently attached to a hardware counter so is normally only able to output a square wave.

Inductive coupling of the output can raise their efficiency to a maximum of 50 %.

Doherty designs, which use a second output stage as a " peak " amplifier, can lift efficiency from the typical 15 % up to 30-35 % in a narrow bandwidth.

* the bandwidth of the output of some light source, e. g., an ASE source or a laser ; the bandwidth of ultrashort optical pulses can be particularly large

Not all of his output can be easily dated, and Bede may have worked on some texts over a period of many years.

Some consumer cameras, in particular DV cameras, can " burn " ( overlay ) the tape timecode onto the composite output.

The fastest industrial braille embosser is probably the $ 77, 000 Belgian-made " NV Interpoint 55 ", first produced in 1991, which uses a separate air compressor to drive the embossing head and can output up to 800 braille characters per second.

Positive feedback loops, such as the simple X activates Y and Y activates X motif, essentially links output signals to their input signals and have been noted to be an important regulatory motif in cellular signal transduction because positive feedback loops can create switches with an all-or-nothing decision.

Colours can be achieved with special papers and different temperatures and heating rates for different colours ; these coloured sheets are not required in black-and-white output.

Excessive connecting rod clearance, combined with extremely high oil pump output ( rare but not impossible ) can sling enough oil to coat the cylinder walls with enough oil to facilitate reasonable piston ring seal artificially give a misleadingly high figure, on engines with compromised ring seal.

Since the invention of the MIDI system in the early 1980s, for example, some people have worked on programs which map MIDI notes to an algorithm and then can either output sounds or music through the computer's sound card or write an audio file for other programs to play.

The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled ( often a vehicle ) and those measurements can be used to give feedback to the input actuators that can make corrections toward desired performance.

coefficients, a transfer function relating the input and output can be obtained by taking their Laplace transform.

There is a close connection between machine learning and compression: a system that predicts the posterior probabilities of a sequence given its entire history can be used for optimal data compression ( by using arithmetic coding on the output distribution ), while an optimal compressor can be used for prediction ( by finding the symbol that compresses best, given the previous history ).

An " unstable " filter can produce an output that grows without bounds, with bounded or even zero input.

In the broadest sense, it is the study of how differences in an input can affect the resultant difference at the output.

Turbocharging can improve the fuel economy of diesel engines by recovering waste heat from the exhaust, increasing the excess air factor, and increasing the ratio of engine output to friction losses.