The phylogenetic tree presented below is based on Panero & Funk ( 2002 ).

Zebrafish are also closely related to the genus Devario, as demonstrated by a phylogenetic tree of close species.

Gavialidae, Crocodylidae and Alligatoridae are clade names that are here applied to a Phylogenetics | phylogenetic tree of crocodylians.

Early phylogenetic tree by Ernst Haeckel | Haeckel, 1866

These are shown in the phylogenetic tree below.

Most of those that have been are included in the following phylogenetic tree.

The term ' family ' comes from the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree or in a subsequent modification to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy.

Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.

The phylogenetic tree shown below is from Wurdack and Davis ( 2009 ).

This may be visualized in a phylogenetic tree, a hypothesis of the order in which evolutionary events are assumed to have occurred.

However, simulations have shown that it is more important to increase the number of taxa in the matrix than to increase the number of characters, because the more taxa there are, the more accurate and more robust is the resulting phylogenetic tree.

Another important factor that affects the accuracy of tree reconstruction is whether the data analyzed actually contain a useful phylogenetic signal, a term that is used generally to denote whether a character evolves slowly enough to have the same state in closely related taxa as opposed to varying randomly.

Fossils can also constrain the age of lineages and thus demonstrate how consistent a tree is with the stratigraphic record ; stratocladistics incorporates age information into data matrices for phylogenetic analyses.

The following phylogenetic tree is from a cladistic analysis of DNA that was published in 2011.

The order is divided into suprafamilial groups as shown on the phylogenetic tree below.

In phylogenetic taxonomy, the relationships between animals are not typically divided into ranks, but illustrated as a nested " family tree " known as a cladogram.

See phylogenetic tree for more information about tree-generating computer programs.

The phylogenetic tree of the orders and suborders of odonates according to Bechly ( 2002 ):< p >

This phylogenetic tree shows the relationship between the best-documented instances of paleopolyploidy in eukaryotes.

Avicennia, a genus of mangrove tree, usually placed in Verbenaceae or in its own family, Avicenniaceae, is included in Acanthaceae by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group on the basis of molecular phylogenetic studies that show it to be associated with this family.

With the phylogenetic classification, the taxon Labyrinthodontia has been discarded as it is a paraphyletic group without unique defining features apart from shared primitive characteristics.

The present understanding of the Apiales is fairly recent and is based upon comparison of DNA sequences by phylogenetic methods.

Amber is a unique preservational mode, preserving otherwise unfossilizable parts of organisms ; as such it is helpful in the reconstruction of ecosystems as well as organisms ; the chemical composition of the resin, however, is of limited utility in reconstructing the phylogenetic affinity of the resin producer.

Another important piece of evidence is that it is possible to construct detailed phylogenetic trees ( that is, " genealogic trees " of species ) mapping out the proposed divisions and common ancestors of all living species.

That phylogenetic trees based on different types of information agree with each other is strong evidence of a real underlying common descent.

# the science of phylogenetics and its methods ( phylogenetic analysis = cladistic analysis ), although sometimes the term is restricted to maximum parsimony ;

The outcome of a cladistic analysis is a cladogram – a tree-shaped diagram ( dendrogram ) that represents a phylogenetic hypothesis, a hypothesis on evolutionary relationships.

The science that tries to reconstruct phylogenetic trees and thus discover clades is called phylogenetics or cladistics, the latter term being derived from " clade " by Ernst Mayr ( 1965 ).

This system is similar to the apomorphy-based clades of phylogenetic nomenclature.

The difference is one of weight: While phylogenetic nomenclature bases the group on an ancestor with a certain trait, Linnaean taxonomy uses the traits themselves to define the group.

For these and other reasons, phylogenetic nomenclature has been developed ; it is still controversial.

Historically, where comparative psychology researches animal behaviour in the context of what is known about human psychology, ethology researches animal behaviour in the context of what is known about animal anatomy, physiology, neurobiology, and phylogenetic history.

The single most convincing evidence of the descent of organelles from bacteria is the position of mitochondria and plastid DNA sequences in phylogenetic trees of bacteria.

His ’ depiction of embryological development strongly differs from Haeckel ’ s depiction, for His argues that the phylogenetic explanation of ontogenetic events is unnecessary.

This five kingdom scheme is still far from the phylogenetic ideal and has largely been supplanted in modern taxonomic work by a division into three domains: Bacteria and Archaea, which contain the prokaryotes, and Eukaryota, comprising the remaining forms.

Recent phylogenetic work has shown that Lamiales is polyphyletic with respect to order Scrophulariales and the two groups are now usually combined in a single order that also includes the former orders Hippuridales and Plantaginales.

The placement of Boraginaceae is unclear but phylogenetic work shows that this family does not belong in Lamiales.

* Who is Who in Phylogenetic Networks research papers related to the phylogenetic network

** Phylogenetic diversity, a measure of biodiversity which incorporates phylogenetic difference between species

Phylogenetic analyses of Vitis ( Vitaceae ) based on complete chloroplast genome sequences: effects of taxon sampling and phylogenetic methods on resolving relationships among rosids.

The International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, known as the PhyloCode for short, is a developing draft for a formal set of rules governing phylogenetic nomenclature.

Phylogenetic algorithms that permit the comparison of homologies led to phylogenetic trees that have a similar topology, independent of the gene analyzed.

# Phylogenetic classification of species, subspecies, geographic races, and populations, and measures of phylogenetic diversity and uniqueness.