* Umbraculum ( better known in the Italian form ombrellino ) is a canopy or umbrella consisting of alternating red and gold stripes, which used to be carried above the pope in processions.

He had himself carried into the chapter-house, issued various decrees for the benefit of the abbey, appointed with the consent of the monks the prior, Cardinal Oderisius, to succeed him in the abbacy, just as he himself had been appointed by Stephen IX, and proposed Odo of Ostia to the assembled cardinals and bishops as the next pope.

A large sum of gold that the pope possibly carried with him or Attila ´ s logistical and strategic concerns may have been the true reasons for Attila's mercy.

The schism carried on for some time, however, and it was not until 1728 that Noailles submitted to the pope.

The pope was taken immediately to a ship that waited in the Tiber in order to be carried to the eastern capital while a part of the populace cursed the pope and threw stones at the ship.

The tiara was thus worn in formal ceremonial processions, and on other occasions when the pope was carried on the sedia gestatoria, a portable throne whose use was ended by Pope John Paul II immediately after his election in October 1978.

The most famous occasion when the triple tiara was used was the papal coronation, a six-hour ceremony, when the new pope was carried in state on the sedia gestatoria ( portable throne-see image of Pope John XXIII, left ), with attendants fanning the pontiff with ostrich-feathered flabella to the location of the coronation.

Following this, at least from the beginning of the 16th century, the newly elected pope was carried in state through St. Peter's Basilica on the sedia gestatoria, under a white canopy, with the papal flabella ( ceremonial fans ) to either side.

From the twelfth century, papal bulls have carried a lead seal with the heads of the apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul on one side and the pope ’ s signature on the other.

His primary task in Rome, apparently, was to draw up plans, likely under the supervision of Alberti, for rebuilding the Vatican and the Basilica of St. Peter's, projects which, due to the death of the pope in 1455, were never carried out.

The custom of carrying the newly elected pope, and formerly in some countries the newly elected bishop, to his church can be, in some instances, traced back very far and may be compared with the Roman use of the sella curulis, on which newly elected consuls were carried through the city.

Besides the constant use of the Sedia Gestatoria at the coronation of the pope ( which seems to date from the beginning of the sixteenth century ), etc., it served in the past on different other occasions, for instance when the pope received the yearly tribute of the Kingdom of Naples and of the other fiefs, and also, at least since the fifteenth century, when he carried the Blessed Sacrament publicly, in which case the Sedia Gestatoria took a different form, a table being adjusted before the throne.

After the Mass, the rose is carried in procession before the pope to the sacristy, where it is carefully put away in a place set apart for it, until bestowed upon some worthy personage.

At the end of the procession the pope was carried into the basilica on the sedia gestatoria and with the two flabella borne on either side.

Two protonotaries apostolic raised the front of the falda as the pope walked to and from the sedia, and two papal chamberlains carried the train.

The visit was carried from 23 to 26 May 2002 and was the first visit of an acting Roman pope in the country.

" Carried on the shoulders of the Papal Gentlemen, the coffin bearing the image of Pope John Paul II's coat-of-arms burned onto the lid, the pope was carried into St. Peter's Square onto the marble apron.

When the pope was carried in the sedia gestatoria, Noble Guards walked alongside the papal chair.

It is hard not to lay most of the blame for their failures on the pope.

To the pope, head of the universal Church, to the duke of Burgundy, taking full advantage of his position on the borders of France and of the Empire, or to Othon, who found it quite natural that he should do homage to Edward for Tipperary and to the count of Savoy for Grandson, Flotte's outspoken nationalism was completely incomprehensible.

There are a great many bishops who have never had a cross on their bosom, nor a mitre on their head, who appeal not to the authority of the Pope at Rome, but to the Almighty Dollar, a pope much nearer home.

Popes and sovereigns gradually encroached on the rights of the monks, until in Italy the pope had usurped the nomination of all abbots, and the king in France, with the exception of Cluny, Premontré and other houses, chiefs of their order.

Angilbert delivered the document on Iconoclasm from the Frankish Synod of Frankfurt to Pope Adrian I, and was later sent on three important embassies to the pope, in 792, 794 and 796.

Sylvester III, sometimes listed as an antipope, appears in the Holy See's Annuario Pontificio as a pope: because of obscurities about mid-11th-century canon law and the historical facts, it expresses no judgement on his legitimacy.

Algardi, on the other hand, was embraced by the new pope and the pope's nephew, Camillo Pamphilj.

At the Siege of Bayonne in October 1131, three years before his death, he published a will leaving his kingdom to three autonomous religious orders based in Palestine and politically largely independent on the pope, the Knights Templars, the Hospitallers, and the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, whose influences might have been expected to cancel one another out.

Alexander V died soon after, and on 25 May 1410 Cossa was consecrated pope, taking the name John XXIII.

Pope Martin V protested in vain against the inscription on the sarcophagus: " John the former pope ".

Finding Rome locked against him and held by Ageltrude, he had to take the city by force on 21 February 896, freeing the pope.

By decree of pope Leo X they were created papal nobles, ranking as Comes palatinus (' Count Palatine '), familiars and members of the papal household, so that they might enjoy all the privileges of domestic prelates and of prelates in actual attendance on the Pope, as regards plurality of benefices as well as expectives.

; Cardinal: In Roman Catholicism, a cardinal is a member of the clergy appointed by the pope to serve in the College of Cardinals, the body empowered to elect the pope ; however, on turning 80 a cardinal loses this right of election.

The right to enter the conclave of cardinals who elect the pope is now limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years on the day of the pope's death or resignation.

In the past, during papal coronations, the Proto-Deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara.

However, the Proto-Deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration.

The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it is a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side.

Unable, however, to resist the urging of Charles V, the pope, after proposing Mantua as the place of meeting, convened the council at Trent ( at that time a free city of the Holy Roman Empire under a prince-bishop ), on December 13, 1545 ; the Pope's decision to transfer it to Bologna in March, 1547 on the pretext of avoiding a plague failed to take effect and the Council was indefinitely prorogued on 17 September 1549.

The whole, however, may be judged from this fragment: " We Irish, though dwelling at the far ends of the earth, are all disciples of St. Peter and St. Paul ... we are bound to the Chair of Peter, and although Rome is great and renowned, through that Chair alone is she looked on as great and illustrious among us ... On account of the two Apostles of Christ, you pope are almost celestial, and Rome is the head of the whole world, and of the Churches ".

Though in theory subject directly to the pope, these rulers had been practically independent or dependent on other states for generations.

An unwise reference by the pope to Nikephoros II Phokas, the ruler in Constantinople, as " Greek " in a letter while Otto's ambassador, Liudprand of Cremona, was in the Byzantine court, had destroyed the first round of negotiations.

The fathers continued to devote themselves to the subjugation of the Hussites, and they also intervened, in rivalry with the pope, in the negotiations between France and England which led to the treaty of Arras, concluded by Charles VII of France with the duke of Burgundy.

Meanwhile Henry of Blois had arrived in Rome and begun negotiations with the new pope, Lucius II, over the elevation of the bishopric of Winchester to an archbishopric.

But neither the pope nor the Venetians would accept such a transfer, and the negotiations on this subject greatly embittered Matthias against the Papal court.

Menabrea disavowed Garibaldi and instituted judicial proceedings against him ; but in negotiations with the French government he protested against the retention of the temporal power by the pope and insisted on the Italian right of interference in Rome.

During the Conclave of 1878 he succeeded, by negotiations with Cardinal Pecci ( afterwards Leo XIII ), in inducing the Sacred College to remain in Rome, and, after the election of the new pope, arranged for his temporary absence from the Vatican for the purpose of settling private business.

In 1769 the three archbishop-electors of Cologne, Mainz and Treves ( Trier ) had drawn up in thirty articles their complaints against the Curia, and after submitting them to the emperor Joseph II, had forwarded them to the new pope, Clement XIV These articles, though Febronius was prohibited in the archdioceses, were wholly Febronian in tone ; and, indeed, Bishop von Hontheim himself took an active part in the diplomatic negotiations which were their outcome.

Meanwhile Pope John had entered on negotiations with Berengar's son Adalbert, which in 963 caused Otto to move into Rome, where he deposed the pope and had Leo VIII elected.

At peace negotiations in July, Lucerne and Uri were ready to reach an agreement, and the soldiers started to go home, but the pope renounced the terms and the Catholics renewed their attacks.