The physicist Nick Herbert has argued for " quantum animism " in which mind permeates the world at every level.

Several theorists have therefore proposed quantum mind ( QM ) theories of consciousness.

:: This principle, that consciousness causes the collapse, is the point of intersection between quantum mechanics and the mind / body problem ; and researchers are working to detect conscious events correlated with physical events that, according to quantum theory, should involve a wave function collapse ; but, thus far, results are inconclusive.

The many-minds interpretation of quantum mechanics extends the many-worlds interpretation by proposing that the distinction between worlds should be made at the level of the mind of an individual observer.

Kauffman's recent work translates his biological findings to the mind body problem and issues in neuroscience, proposing attributes of a new " poised realm " that hovers indefinitely between quantum coherence and classicality.

The many-minds interpretation of quantum mechanics extends the many-worlds interpretation by proposing that the distinction between worlds should be made at the level of the mind of an individual observer.

In order to make the system work, the " mind " must be separate from the body, an old duality of philosophy to replace the new one of quantum mechanics.

Kak claimed to be the first to have used the term " quantum neural computing ", taking a Quantum mind position not unlike that notably proposed by Roger Penrose in The Emperor's New Mind which was published in 1989.

The Institute considers it theoretically possible to understand the absolute workings of every aspect of the mind, and the ability to measure this in a specific individual, although Heisenberg's uncertainty principle may apply if it is discovered that the brain's workings on a quantum scale are relevant to the workings of the mind.

Some physicists think that levitation, if it is the case that the phenomenon could be scientifically confirmed as a real occurrence, could be the result of the mind " tapping into " the quantum vacuum zero point energy in an altered state of consciousness.

For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition.

Fred is a normal human woman with no supernatural abilities ; however, her brilliant mathematical mind, immense knowledge of quantum physics and science, and a natural ability in designing inventions make her an important asset of Angel's team ; Wesley once says, while addressing most of Angel's crew, " She's smarter than all of us put together ".

# REDIRECT quantum mind

On this, said "... it should be kept in mind that before this proposal was made there had existed the widespread impression that no conceptions of hidden variables at all, not even if they were abstract, and hypothetical, could possibly be consistent with the quantum theory ".

Some electromagnetic theories are also quantum mind theories of consciousness ; examples include quantum brain dynamics ( QBD ) approaches of Mari Jibu and Kunio Yasue and of Giuseppe Vitiello.

In general, however, quantum mind theories other than these QBD approaches do not treat consciousness as an electromagnetic phenomenon.

His theory of how mind may interact with matter via quantum processes in the brain differs from that of Penrose and Hameroff.

The Stern – Gerlach experiment of 1922 provided further evidence of the quantum nature of the atom.

In quantum mechanics, angular momentum is quantized – that is, it cannot vary continuously, but only in " quantum leaps " between certain allowed values.

The Boltzmann distribution applies only to particles at a high enough temperature and low enough density that quantum effects can be ignored, and the particles are obeying Maxwell – Boltzmann statistics.

The books that were influential in the early development of computational quantum chemistry include Linus Pauling and E. Bright Wilson's 1935 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics – with Applications to Chemistry, Eyring, Walter and Kimball's 1944 Quantum Chemistry, Heitler's 1945 Elementary Wave Mechanics – with Applications to Quantum Chemistry, and later Coulson's 1952 textbook Valence, each of which served as primary references for chemists in the decades to follow.

Semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods are based on the Hartree – Fock formalism, but make many approximations and obtain some parameters from empirical data.

In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect and the Casimir – Polder force are physical forces arising from a quantized field.

The Englert – Greenberger duality relation provides a detailed treatment of the mathematics of double-slit interference in the context of quantum mechanics.

By the 1960s – 1970s quantum electrochemistry was developed by Revaz Dogonadze and his pupils.

Enrico Fermi (; 29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954 ) was an Italian physicist, naturalized American later in his life, particularly known for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics.

Dyson is best known for demonstrating in 1949 the equivalence of the formulations of quantum electrodynamics that existed by that time – Richard Feynman's diagrams, on the one hand, and, on the other, the operator method developed by Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga.

The Kasha – Vavilov rule dictates that the quantum yield of luminescence is independent of the wavelength of exciting radiation.

This is closely tied to the functional integral formulation of quantum mechanics, also invented by Feynman – see path integral formulation.

* 4 × 10 < sup > 13 </ sup > gauss – the quantum electrodynamic threshold

Like all subatomic particles, hadrons are assigned quantum numbers corresponding to the representations of the Poincaré group: J < sup > PC </ sup >( m ), where J is the spin quantum number, P the intrinsic parity ( or P-parity ), and C, the charge conjugation ( or C-parity ), and the particle's mass, m. Note that the mass of a hadron has very little to do with the mass of its valence quarks ; rather, due to mass – energy equivalence, most of the mass comes from the large amount of energy associated with the strong interaction.

Roughly speaking, bosons have a tendency to clump into the same quantum state, which underlies phenomena such as the laser, Bose – Einstein condensation, and superfluidity.

In 1964 Charles H. Townes, Nikolay Basov, and Aleksandr Prokhorov shared the Nobel Prize in Physics, “ for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser – laser principle ”.

:* Nanotechnology – rigorously, the study of materials where the effects of quantum confinement, the Gibbs – Thomson effect, or any other effect only present at the nanoscale is the defining property of the material ; but more commonly, it is the creation and study of materials whose defining structural properties are anywhere from less than a nanometer to one hundred nanometers in scale, such as molecularly engineered materials.

While Maxwell's equations are consistent within special and general relativity, there are some quantum mechanical situations in which Maxwell's equations are significantly inaccurate: including extremely strong fields ( see Euler – Heisenberg Lagrangian ) and extremely short distances ( see vacuum polarization ).

* de Broglie – Bohm – Bell pilot wave formulation of quantum mechanics

The von Neumann description of quantum measurement of an observable A, when the system is prepared in a pure state ψ is the following ( note, however, that von Neumann's description dates back to the 1930s and is based on experiments as performed during that time – more specifically the Compton – Simon experiment ; it is not applicable to most present-day measurements within the quantum domain ):

The analogy was completed when Hawking, in 1974, showed that quantum field theory predicts that black holes should radiate like a black body with a temperature proportional to the surface gravity of the black hole.

This was followed by the 1859 statement of the black body radiation problem by Gustav Kirchhoff, the 1877 suggestion by Ludwig Boltzmann that the energy states of a physical system can be discrete, and the 1900 quantum hypothesis of Max Planck.

The history of quantum chemistry essentially began with the 1838 discovery of cathode rays by Michael Faraday, the 1859 statement of the black body radiation problem by Gustav Kirchhoff, the 1877 suggestion by Ludwig Boltzmann that the energy states of a physical system could be discrete, and the 1900 quantum hypothesis by Max Planck that any energy radiating atomic system can theoretically be divided into a number of discrete energy elements ε such that each of these energy elements is proportional to the frequency ν with which they each individually radiate energy and a numerical value called Planck ’ s Constant.

* December 7 – Max Planck announces his discovery of the law of black body emission, marking the birth of quantum physics.

For example, the classical problem of three bodies under a force such as gravity is not integrable, while the quantum mechanical three body problem is tractable and integrable, using the Faddeev Equations.

General relativity, however, incorrectly predicts the results of a broad body of scientific experiments where quantum mechanics proves its sufficiency.

Much as the study of the statistical mechanics of black body radiation led to the advent of the theory of quantum mechanics, the effort to understand the statistical mechanics of black holes has had a deep impact upon the understanding of quantum gravity, leading to the formulation of the holographic principle.

In cases where the radius of the central body is less than the Schwarzschild radius, represents the radius within which all massive bodies, and even photons, must inevitably fall into the central body ( ignoring quantum tunnelling effects near the boundary ).

Another revolutionary development of the twentieth century has been quantum theory, which emerged from the seminal contributions of Max Planck ( on black body radiation ) and Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect.

Hawking radiation is black body radiation that is predicted to be emitted by black holes, due to quantum effects near the event horizon.

Hawking showed that quantum effects allow black holes to emit exact black body radiation, which is the average thermal radiation emitted by an idealized thermal source known as a black body.

Along with a finite ( non-infinite ) entropy, quantum black holes acquire a finite ( non-zero ) temperature, and with it the emission of Hawking radiation with a black body spectrum characteristic of that temperature.

Planck's law ( colored curves ) accurately described black body radiation, by proposing that electromagnetic radiation was emitted in quantum | quanta.