The relative atomic mass ( historically and commonly also called " atomic weight ") of an element is the average of the atomic masses of all the chemical element's isotopes as found in a particular environment, weighted by isotopic abundance, relative to the atomic mass unit ( u ).

As with the isotopes of other elements, a variety of processes fractionate, or alter the relative abundance of, calcium isotopes.

In high southern hemisphere latitudes, such as New Zealand and Antarctica the mass die-off of flora caused no significant turnover in species, but dramatic and short-term changes in the relative abundance of plant groups.

This ion-exchange process is the basis of the " negative europium anomaly ", the low europium content in many lanthanide minerals such as monazite, relative to the chondritic abundance.

Elton defined ecological relations using concepts of food chains, food cycles, and food size, and described numerical relations among different functional groups and their relative abundance.

Thus, ecosystem processes are driven by the number of species in an ecosystem, the exact nature of each individual species, and the relative abundance organisms within these species.

Germanium ranks near fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust.

For those gases, the relative radiative forcing will depend upon abundance and hence upon the future scenario adopted.

The relative abundance of magnesium is related to the fact that it is easily built up in supernova stars from a sequential addition of three helium nuclei to carbon ( which in turn is made from three helium nuclei ).

The components of this eigenvector give the relative abundance of each sequence at equilibrium.

Tacticity measurements obtained by Carbon-13 NMR are typically expressed in terms of the relative abundance of various pentads within the polymer molecule, e. g. mmmm, mrrm.

The average meso sequence length may be approximated from the relative abundance of pentads as follows:

A logarithm of the relative iron abundance is compared to the Sun.

Specialized archaeologists called palaeoethnobotanists, relying on data such as the relative abundance of charred grains found in archaeological sites, hypothesize that the cultivation of millets was of greater prevalence in prehistory than rice, especially in northern China and Korea.

Clarke has calculated the relative abundance of the principal rock-forming minerals with the following results: apatite = 0. 6, titanium minerals = 1. 5, quartz = 12. 0, feldspars = 59. 5, biotite = 3. 8, hornblende and pyroxene = 16. 8, total = 94. 2 %.

This is partially due to a relative abundance of water compared to the surrounding deserts.

Observations are made in the field using carefully designed protocols and the data may be analysed to estimate bird diversity, relative abundance or absolute population densities.

In particular, the relative abundance of europium compared to the other REE is often markedly higher or lower, and called the europium anomaly.

Sandstone classification schemes vary widely, but most geologists have adopted the Dott scheme, which uses the relative abundance of quartz, feldspar, and lithic framework grains and the abundance of muddy matrix between these larger grains.

: The relative abundance of sand-sized framework grains determines the first word in a sandstone name.

Cosmic rays are enriched in lithium, beryllium, and boron with regard to the relative abundance of these elements in the universe compared to hydrogen and helium, and thus are thought to have a primary role in the synthesis of these three elements through the process of " cosmic ray nucleosynthesis ".

Chief nuclear reactions responsible for the abundance of the chemical elements | relative abundances of light atomic nucleus | atomic nuclei observed throughout the universe.

This technique is also widely used the field of radiometric dating, in which it is used to analyze relative abundance of different isotopes.

This is the notion that particular cultures should not be judged by one culture's values or viewpoints, but that all cultures should be viewed as relative to each other.

Following each individual brick should be a layer of adobe mortar, recommended to be at least an inch thick to make certain there is ample strength between the brick ’ s edges and also to provide a relative moisture barrier during the seasons where the arid climate does produce rain.

The relative size of each atom in the mix plays a primary role in determining which mechanism will occur.

Similarly, arbitrage affects the difference in interest rates paid on government bonds issued by the various countries, given the expected depreciations in the currencies relative to each other ( see interest rate parity ).

In duplicate bridge, the cards held by each player in each deal are preserved so that each partnership plays the same set of hands as their East-West or North-South counterparts at other tables and with the scoring based upon relative performance, thus emphasizing skill over chance.

Within each magnitude class, Bayer made no attempt to arrange stars by relative brightness.

A backplane ( or " backplane system ") is a group of electrical connectors in parallel with each other, so that each pin of each connector is linked to the same relative pin of all the other connectors forming a computer bus.

Except in the case of the isotopes of hydrogen ( which differ greatly from each other in relative mass — enough to cause chemical effects ), the isotopes of the various elements are typically chemically nearly indistinguishable from each other.

Continental drift is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other by appearing to drift across the ocean bed.

The area of study examines issues such as how each major form of business entity may be formed, operated, and dissolved ; the degree to which limited liability protects investors ; the extent to which a business can be held liable for the acts of an agent of the business ; the relative advantages and disadvantages of different types of business organizations, and the structures established by governments to monitor the buying and selling of ownership interests in large corporations.

Note, however, that it is acceptable to define two relative terms in respect of each other.

* Docking ( molecular ), a research technique for predicting the relative orientation of two molecules to each other in a bimolecular complex

In one opinion, this pattern is clearly present among the modern Romance tongues, with Italian and Spanish having a high degree of mutual comprehensibility, which neither language shares with French, despite some claiming that both languages are genetically closer to French than to each other: In fact, French-Italian and French-Spanish relative mutual incomprehensibility is due to French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change than have Spanish and Italian, not to real or imagined distance in genetic relationship.

Another form of measurement is to compare the relative sizes of different parts of the subject with each other.

Light incident at a given point in the space downstream of the slit is made up of contributions from each of these point sources and if the relative phases of these contributions vary by 2π or more, we may expect to find minima and maxima in the diffracted light.

For example, Duncan Kennedy, in explicit reference to semiotics and deconstruction procedures, maintains that various legal doctrines are constructed around the binary pairs of opposed concepts, each of which with a claim upon intuitive and formal forms of reasoning that must be made explicit, not only in their meaning but also its relative value, and criticized.

At the accession of Charles I in 1625, England and Scotland had both experienced relative peace, both internally and in their relations with each other, for as long as anyone could remember.

Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.

* Fluid friction describes the friction between layers within a viscous fluid that are moving relative to each other.