In these countries, each subdivision has a distinct government and head of government, but all subdivisions share a monarch who is head of state of the federation as a united whole.

After the federation dissolved, Dominica became an associated state of the United Kingdom on February 27, 1967 and formally took responsibility for its internal affairs.

The house of federation has members chosen by the state assemblies to serve five year terms.

An empire is a state with politico-military dominion of populations who are culturally and ethnically distinct from the imperial ( ruling ) ethnic group and its culture — unlike a federation, an extensive state voluntarily composed of autonomous states and peoples.

Federalism is a system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial / state governments, creating what is often called a federation.

The second and last incumbent of the office, Yusof bin Ishak, kept the style at the 31 August 1963 unilateral declaration of independence and after the 16 September 1963 accession to Malaysia as a state ( so now as a constitutive part of the federation, a non-sovereign level ).

Exclusive prerogative allows the heads of states of constituent monarchies of a federation to choose the head of state for the federation among themselves, as in the United Arab Emirates and Malaysia.

Piłsudski's planned East European federation of states ( inspired by the tradition of the multiethnic " Republic of Both Nations " and including a hypothetical multinational successor state to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ) was incompatible, at the time of rising national movements, with his assumption of Polish domination and with the encroachment on the neighboring peoples ' lands and aspirations ; as such it was doomed to failure.

Indonesia claimed all territories of the former Dutch East Indies, and previously viewed British plans to group the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States, the Unfederated Malay States, Sarawak and British North Borneo into a new independent federation of Malaysia as a threat to its objective to create a united state called Greater Indonesia.

When the jurisdictions of governmental entities overlap, one another — for example, between a state and the federation to which it belongs — their jurisdiction is shared or concurrent jurisdiction.

Politics of Liberia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic modeled on the government of the United States, whereby the President is the head of state and head of government ; unlike the United States, however, Liberia is a unitary state as opposed to a federation and has a pluriform rather than the two-party system that characterizes US politics.

Federal elections are organized and supervised by the autonomous public Federal Electoral Institute, whereas state and municipal elections are organized and supervised by electoral institutes constituted by each state of the federation.

Such aspects of public policy have direct constitutional significance whether applied in the European context or in federated nations such as the United States, Canada, and Australia where the courts have to contend not only with jurisdiction and law conflicts between the constituent states or territories, but also as between state and federal courts, and as between constituent states and relevant laws from other states outside the federation.

Still giving public support to the federation, Ahmad ibn Ali nonetheless promulgated a provisional constitution in April 1970, which declared Qatar an independent, Arab, Islamic state with the sharia ( Islamic law ) as its basic law.

According to the Constitution of Russia, the country is a federation and semi-presidential republic, wherein the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government.

As seen in this example, the term " Bund " ( federation ) has replaced " Reich " in the names of various state institutions such as the army (" Bundeswehr ").

In 1991 diplomatic talks chaired by Lord Carrington with the leaders of the six republics of the collapsing federation, resulted in all the republics except for Serbia agreeing that Yugoslavia had collapsed and that each republic should become an independent state.

After the federation was reconstituted as a state union, the new Assembly of the State Union was created.

A federated state is a territorial and constitutional community forming part of a federation.

The principle does not state how the decision is to be made, or what the outcome should be, whether it be independence, federation, protection, some form of autonomy or even full assimilation.

Following a campaign led by Forrest, residents of the colony of Western Australia ( still informally called the Swan River Colony ) voted in favour of federation, resulting in Western Australia officially becoming a state on 1 January 1901.

At war's end leadership in Western Europe passed from Britain because the Labour Government devoted its attention to the creation of a welfare state.

Bolshevik revolutionary leader Leon Trotsky commonly used the terms " Bolshevism " and " Bolshevist " after his exile from the Soviet Union to differentiate between what he saw as true Leninism and the state and party as they existed under Joseph Stalin's leadership.

A new constitution in January 1976 established Democratic Kampuchea as a Communist People's Republic, and a 250-member Assembly of the Representatives of the People of Kampuchea ( PRA ) was selected in March to choose the collective leadership of a State Presidium, the chairman of which became the head of state.

Some of the opponents of the Party within the Chinese democracy movement have tended not to argue that a strong Chinese state is inherently bad, but rather that the Communist leadership is corrupt.

# In contemporary usage, dictatorship refers to an autocratic form of absolute rule by leadership unrestricted by law, constitutions, or other social and political factors within the state.

The ELM, under the leadership of Hamid Idris Awate, a former Eritrean Ascari, engaged in clandestine political activities intended to cultivate resistance to the centralizing policies of the imperial Ethiopian state.

The change in leadership failed to revive the FDP's fortunes and in the next series of state elections the party lost all its seats in Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Berlin.

This National Socialism was a form of state socialism that rejected the " idea of boundless freedom " and promoted an economy that would serve the whole of Germany under the leadership of the state.

The FBI's main goal is to protect and defend the United States, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.

The Russification of Finland and the crisis of governmental leadership in the country, following the 1899 imperial order, was the result of a collision between the ideologies of peripheral authority ( the Grand Duchy as a state of the Russian empire but a separate part of the Russian governmental system ) and central power ( an undivided Russia dominated by Saint Petersburg ).

Altogether, these political developments led to conditions that encouraged a struggle for leadership of the Finnish state, during the ten years before the collapse of the Russian Empire.

Critics of the East German state have claimed that the state's commitment to communism was a hollow and cynical tool Machiavellian in nature, but this assertion has been challenged by studies that have found that the East German leadership was genuinely committed to the advance of scientific knowledge, economic development, and social progress.

He felt that the SA — now numbering some three million men — should become the sole arms-bearing corps of the state, and that the army should be absorbed into the SA under his leadership.

Known in medieval Chinese sources as Tujue ( 突厥 tú jué ), the Göktürks under the leadership of Bumin / Tuman Khan / Khaghan ( d. 552 ) and his sons established the first known Turkic state around 552 in the general area of territory that had earlier been occupied by the Xiongnu, and expanded rapidly to rule wide territories in Central Asia.

Stalin's death on 5 March 1953 prompted major changes in the Soviet leadership and in March 1953, Voroshilov was approved as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ( i. e., the head of state ) with Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Communist Party and Georgy Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union.

Following World War II, Yugoslavia was reconstituted as a federal state under the leadership of Tito's Yugoslav Communist Party.

On 15 May Najibullah announced that a collective leadership had been established, which was led by himself consisted of himself as head of party, Karmal as head of state and Sultan Ali Keshtmand as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

Yuli Vorontsov, on Gorbachev's orders, was able to get an agreement with the PDPA leadership to offer the posts of Gossoviet chairman ( the state planning organ ), the Council of Ministers chairmanship ( head of government ), ministries of defence, state security, communications, finance, presidencies of banks and the Supreme Court.

Marxism – Leninism is a communist ideology, officially based upon the theories of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Vladimir Lenin, that promotes the development and creation of an international communist society through the leadership of a vanguard party presiding over a revolutionary socialist state that represents a dictatorship of the proletariat.

It supports the creation of a single-party state ; it rejects political pluralism external to communism, claiming that the proletariat need a single, able and unifying political party through which to represent themselves and exercise political leadership.

The attempt was abandoned in the 1990s with the result that the political leadership within the state are also the leaders of the party, thereby creating a single centralized locus of power.

The state military system inherited and upholds the principle of the Communist Party ’ s absolute leadership over the people ’ s armed forces.

From that time onwards, the system of joint Party and state military leadership was established.