Since the absorption of radio waves in rocklike material varies with wave length, it should be possible to sample the temperature variation at different depths beneath the surface and possibly detect changes in the structure or composition of the lunar surface material.

It served as the α-source in the alpha particle X-ray spectrometers installed on the Sojourner, Mars, Mars 96, Athena, Spirit and Opportunity rovers as well as the Mars Science Laboratory to analyze the composition and structure of the rocks on the surface of Mars and the Moon.

The lost energy is converted into alternative forms such as heat, emission of low-energy secondary electrons and high-energy backscattered electrons, light emission ( cathodoluminescence ) or X-ray emission, which provide signals carrying information about the properties of the specimen surface, such as its topography and composition.

This metamorphism causes changes in the mineral composition of the rocks ; creates a foliation, or planar surface, that is related to mineral growth under stress ; and can remove signs of the original textures of the rocks, such as bedding in sedimentary rocks, flow features of lavas, and crystal patterns in crystalline rocks.

The improvement was based on having a reduced surface area of a higher density composition.

The C < sub > 4 </ sub > F < sub > 8 </ sub > creates a polymer on the surface of the substrate, and the second gas composition ( SF < sub > 6 </ sub > and O < sub > 2 </ sub >) etches the substrate.

Ionization gauge calibration is very sensitive to construction geometry, chemical composition of gases being measured, corrosion and surface deposits.

The strength of MHC class I ligand binding is dependent on the composition of the ligand C-terminus, as peptides bind by hydrogen bonding and by close contacts with a region called the " B pocket " on the MHC surface.

The electrons interact with electrons in the sample, producing secondary electrons, back-scattered electrons, and characteristic X-rays that can be detected and that contain information about the sample's surface topography and composition.

If in an AB alloy the component A is sputtered preferentially, the surface of the solid will, during prolonged bombardment, become enriched in the B component thereby increasing the probability that B is sputtered such that the composition of the sputtered material will be AB.

However, the interpretations are typically ambiguous as the spectra can fit more than one model of the surface composition and depend on the unknown particle size.

Consequently, the thin optical surface layer could be quite different from the regolith underneath, and not representative of the bulk composition of the body.

Since orbital energies are unique to an atom of a specific element, analysis of the ejected electrons can yield information about the chemical composition of a surface.

Sputtering removes thin outer layers of a surface so that AES can be used to determine the underlying composition.

A number of factors can influence its efficacy, including chemical composition of the stone, presence of anomalous renal anatomy and the specific location of the stone within the kidney, presence of hydronephrosis, body mass index, and distance of the stone from the surface of the skin.

* Characterize the structure and composition of the atmosphere and surface

The two spacecraft would have orbited the planet Mars a minimum of 90 days, during which time data would be gathered on the composition, density, pressure, and temperature of the atmosphere, and the composition, temperature, and topography of the surface.

When a final composition was achieved, scaled-up full-size cartoons were often made, which were then pricked with a pin and " pounced " with a bag of soot to leave dotted lines on the surface as a guide.

Galileo imaged almost all of the surface of Metis and put constraints on its composition by 1998.

At a cost of $ 62. 8 million, the 19-month mission was put into a low polar orbit of the Moon, accomplishing mapping of surface composition and possible polar ice deposits, measurements of magnetic and gravity fields, and study of lunar outgassing events.

Surface tension can vary because of inhomogeneous composition of the substances, and / or the temperature-dependence of surface tension forces.

The orbiters ' primary scientific objectives were to image the Martian surface and clouds, determine the temperature on Mars, study the topography, composition and physical properties of the surface, measure properties of the atmosphere, monitor the solar wind and the interplanetary and Martian magnetic fields, and act as communications relays to send signals from the landers to Earth.

the mill-pond is quiet, its surface dark and shadowed, and there does not seem to be much water in it.

It appears that the dominant tendency of Mann's early tales, however pictorial or even picturesque the surface, is already toward the symbolic, the emblematic, the expressionistic.

If many of the characters in contemporary novels appear to be the bloodless relations of characters in a case history it is because the novelist is often forgetful today that those things that we call character manifest themselves in surface behavior, that the ego is still the executive agency of personality, and that all we know of personality must be discerned through the ego.

The brush moves up and down and is small enough to clean every dental surface, including the back of the teeth.

In view of the increasing shortage of usable surface and ground water in many parts of the Nation and the importance of finding new sources of supply to meet its present and future water needs, it is the policy of the Congress to provide for the development of practicable low-cost means for the large-scale production of water of a quality suitable for municipal, industrial, agricultural, and other beneficial consumptive uses from saline water, and for studies and research related thereto.

This shelter could be built in regions where water or rock is close to the surface, making it impractical to build an underground shelter.

These are particularly suitable for regions where water or rock is close to the surface.

A Barrette Swiss pattern file is handy since its triangular shape with only one cutting face will allow you to work a surface without marring an adjoining one.

To measure the volume of one of the combustion chambers in the cylinder head, install the valves and spark plug in the chamber and support the head so that its gasket surface is level.

This is possible with water and other liquids that have a high surface tension.

This is done by measuring the distance from the surface on which the tire is resting to the center of the rear axle shaft.

This result suggests a very high temperature at the solid surface of the planet, although there is the possibility that the observed radiation may be a combination of both thermal and non-thermal components and that the observed spectrum is that of a black body merely by coincidence.

The infrared emission could then be assumed to originate at the surface of the moon, while the radio emission originates at some depth beneath the surface, where the temperature variation due to solar radiation is reduced in amplitude and shifted in phase.

The constant-temperature contours are much smoother than those observed at 4.3 mm by Coates ( 1959 ) and apparently the emission at 8 mm is not nearly so sensitive to differences in surface features.

The mean temperature of the surface was then computed according to the following relation: Af where x is the fraction of the plug area covered by the hot spot.

It is sufficiently small compared with the surface temperature of the anode holder, to make the energy flux radiated from the environment toward the anode holder negligible within the accuracy of the present measurements.

The radiation loss from the anode surface was computed according to Af where Af is the mean of the fourth powers of the temperatures Af and Af calculated analogously to equation ( 1 ).

The relative forces can be calculated from the various radii of curvature if we assume: ( A ) The surface tension is uniform on the surface of the drop.

Just as the pressure exerted by surface tension in a spherical drop is Af and the pressure exerted by surface tension on a cylindrical shape is Af, the pressure exerted by any curved surface is Af, where **yg is the interfacial tension and Af and Af are the two radii of curvature.