The electron beam is accelerated by an anode typically at + 100 keV ( 40 to 400 keV ) with respect to the cathode, focused by electrostatic and electromagnetic lenses, and transmitted through the specimen that is in part transparent to electrons and in part scatters them out of the beam.

In optical systems, beam steering may be accomplished by changing the refractive index of the medium through which the beam is transmitted or by the use of mirrors, prisms, lenses, or rotating diffraction gratings.

is the total power transmitted by the beam.

In the transmitted direction the beam is split and then combined and focused into the output collimator.

In the above argument we assumed that the surface totally absorbed the beam, in general light can be transmitted, reflected and / or absorbed.

In 1959, William Oldendorf, a UCLA neurologist and senior medical investigator at the West Los Angeles Veterans Administration hospital, conceived an idea for " scanning a head through a transmitted beam of X-rays, and being able to reconstruct the radiodensity patterns of a plane through the head " after watching an automated apparatus built to reject frostbitten fruit by detecting dehydrated portions.

The modulation of the transmitted light beam was done by a mirror made to vibrate by a person's voice: the thin mirror would alternate between concave and convex forms, thus focusing or dispersing the light from the light source.

From Athens, this signal was transmitted by satellite to Canada, where it was received and used to trigger a laser beam to re-light the flame.

The diffracted reference beam and the transmitted test wave interfere to form fringes.

Similarly, energy radiating from the " focus " to the dish can be transmitted outward in a beam that is parallel to the axis of the dish.

To within a constant multiplicative phase factor, the amplitude of the mth transmitted beam can be written as:

Transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ) is a microscopy technique whereby a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through.

The transmitted beam contains information about electron density, phase and periodicity ; this beam is used to form an image.

The frequency of the transmitted beam is affected by the movement of blood in the vessel and by comparing the frequency of the upstream beam versus downstream the flow of blood through the vessel can be measured.

Radio signals are transmitted in a tight beam aimed at the tropopause, midway between the transmitter and receiver sites ; as the signals pass through the troposphere they are scattered, allowing the receiver station to pick up the signal.

The transmitted intensity can be related to the concentration of the species present by the Beer-Lambert law, which states that when a radiation of wavenumber passes through an absorbing medium, the intensity variation along the path of the beam is given by,

The photophone allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light, and on June 3, 1880 Bell and Tainter transmitted the world's first wireless telephone message on their newly invented form of telecommunication.

Some of this fluorescent light passes through a second filter or monochromator and reaches a detector, which is usually placed at 90 ° to the incident light beam to minimize the risk of transmitted or reflected incident light reaching the detector.

Nevertheless, neither Tihanyi nor Farnsworth considered the use of a semitransparent plate, and they never transmitted clear images with the devices described in their patents, because they were not aware that the beam alignment had to be perpendicular to the plate in order to produce a well focused image.

In Fig 2, a source S emits light that hits a beam splitter ( in this case, a half-silvered mirror ), surface M, at point C. M is partially reflective, so one beam is transmitted through to point B while the other is reflected in the direction of A.

Wound-tumor virus is a leafhopper transmitted virus not easily transmissible by mechanical inoculation ( Black, 1944 ; ;

This vibrates and sound is transmitted through a single bone, the stapes, to the inner ear.

After an appeal is heard, the " mandate " is a formal notice of a decision by a court of appeal ; this notice is transmitted to the trial court and, when filed by the clerk of the trial court, constitutes the final judgment on the case, unless the appeal court has directed further proceedings in the trial court.

The digital data collected by the telescope is then transmitted and displayed to the user by means of the Internet.

As the signal is copied and re-copied, or transmitted over long distances, these apparently random variations become dominant.

If the weight is suspended off the seabed it acts as a spring or shock absorber to dampen the sudden actions that are normally transmitted to the anchor and can cause it to dislodge and drag.

# It is also used to signify that " grace is transmitted from the Apostles by each generation of bishops through the imposition of hands ".

Jay comments that this is sometimes seen as an early reference to the idea of the transmission of grace through the apostolic succession which in later centuries was understood as being specifically transmitted through the laying on of hands by a bishop within the apostolic succession ( the " pipeline theory ").

For the adherents of this understanding of apostolic succession grace is transmitted during episcopal consecrations ( the ordination of bishops ) by the laying on of hands of bishops previously consecrated within the apostolic succession.

Analog ( or analogue ) television is the analog transmission that involves the broadcasting of encoded analog audio and analog video signal: one in which the information to be transmitted, the brightness and colors of the points in the image and the sound waves of the audio signal are represented by continuous variations of some aspect of the signal ; its amplitude, frequency or phase.

When analog television was developed, no affordable technology for storing any video signals existed ; the luminance signal has to be generated and transmitted at the same time at which it is displayed on the CRT.

A channel actually consists of two signals: the picture information is transmitted using amplitude modulation on one frequency, and the sound is transmitted with frequency modulation at a frequency at a fixed offset ( typically 4. 5 to 6 MHz ) from the picture signal.

Each line of the displayed image is transmitted using a signal as shown above.

The front porch is a brief ( about 1. 5 microsecond ) period inserted between the end of each transmitted line of picture and the leading edge of the next line sync pulse.

OROV is a disease that is transmitted between humans by the biting midge ( Culicoides paraensis ).

In telecommunications, asynchronous communication is transmission of data without the use of an external clock signal, where data can be transmitted intermittently rather than in a steady stream .< ref >

If the pencil with the angle u2 is that of the maximum aberration of all the pencils transmitted, then in a plane perpendicular to the axis at O ' 1 there is a circular disk of confusion of radius O ' 1R, and in a parallel plane at O ' 2 another one of radius O ' 2R2 ; between these two is situated the disk of least confusion.

In SECAM ( R '- Y ') and ( B '- Y ') signals are transmitted alternately and phase does not matter.

Each station transmitted a continuous wave signal that, by comparing the phase difference of the signals from the Master and one of the Slaves, resulted in a set of hyperbolic lines of position called a pattern.

The power transmitted by an AC line increases as the phase angle between source end voltage and destination ends increases, but too great a phase angle will allow the generators at either end of the line to fall out of step.

For a voltage pulse, starting at and moving in the positive-direction, then the transmitted pulse at position can be obtained by computing the Fourier Transform,, of, attenuating each frequency component by, advancing its phase by, and taking the inverse Fourier Transform.

There are several ways of demodulation depending on how parameters of the base-band signal are transmitted in the carrier signal, such as amplitude, frequency or phase.

Mathematically, fading is usually modeled as a time-varying random change in the amplitude and phase of the transmitted signal.

For communicating with the Deep Space Network, the spacecraft transmitted data across the x-band using a 0. 6-meter parabolic high-gain antenna, medium-gain antenna ( MGA ) and low-gain antennas ( LGA ) depending on mission phase, and a 15-watt transponder design originally intended for the Cassini spacecraft.

The ground station listened for the return signal and compared its phase to the transmitted signal.

Constructive interference occurs if the transmitted beams are in phase, and this corresponds to a high-transmission peak of the etalon.

Pilot signals are used during the synchronization and equalization phase, while TPS signals ( Transmission Parameters Signalling ) send the parameters of the transmitted signal and to unequivocally identify the transmission cell.

The effect of VFO phase noise on a transmitter is that random noise is actually transmitted either side of the required signal.

In all, quarks and anti-quarks may have different reflection and transmission probabilities through the domain wall, and it turns out that more quarks coming from the unbroken phase are transmitted compared to anti-quarks.

The interference of the light initially reflected off the proteins and the light reflected off the surface of the silicon will have a relative phase difference ( after being transmitted back through the protein ) contributing to a wavelength-dependent sinusoidal variation in the total amount of reflected light ( captured by the imaging device ).

In particular, the variation of phase during flight over the length of the synthetic aperture is seen as a sequence of Doppler shifts of the received frequency from that of the transmitted frequency.

That type of detection requires finding the differences between the phases of the received signals and the simultaneous phase of a well-preserved sample of the transmitted illumination.

As of 1 February 2009, the Cospas-Sarsat Satellite System will no longer monitor the 121. 5 / 243. 0 MHz frequency ; however, the signal transmitted by the Emergency was never strong enough to be picked up by satellite, and Breitling has announced that, as these frequencies will still be monitored by aviation, particularly during the localization phase of a rescue attempt, there are no plans to modify the signal's frequency.

The reference signal used for the vectorscope's display is the color burst that is transmitted before each line of video, which for NTSC is defined to have a phase of 180 °, corresponding to the nine-o ' clock position on the graticule.

* After the address phase ( and before any device has responded with DEVSEL #), there is an additional 1-cycle " attribute phase ", during which 36 additional bits ( both AD and C / BE # lines are used ) of information about the operation are transmitted.

cumulative total phase of all previous transmitted symbols, which is known as the phase memory.