## < tt > AddRoundKey </ tt >— each byte of the state is combined with the round key using bitwise xor

## < tt > SubBytes </ tt >— a non-linear substitution step where each byte is replaced with another according to a lookup table.

## < tt > ShiftRows </ tt >— a transposition step where each row of the state is shifted cyclically a certain number of steps.

## < tt > MixColumns </ tt >— a mixing operation which operates on the columns of the state, combining the four bytes in each column.

## < tt > AddRoundKey </ tt >

# Final Round ( no < tt > MixColumns </ tt >)

## < tt > SubBytes </ tt >

## < tt > ShiftRows </ tt >

## < tt > AddRoundKey </ tt >

In the < tt > SubBytes </ tt > step, each byte in the state is replaced with its entry in a fixed 8-bit lookup table, S ; b < sub > ij </ sub > = S ( a < sub > ij </ sub >).

In the < tt > SubBytes </ tt > step, each byte in the state matrix is replaced with a < tt > SubByte </ tt > using an 8-bit substitution box, the Rijndael S-box.

The International Time Bureau ( BIH ) began a time scale, T < sub > m </ sub > or AM, in July 1955, using both local caesium clocks and comparisons to distant clocks using the phase of VLF radio signals.

Algeria has always been a source of inspiration for different painters who tried to immortalize the prodigious diversity of the sites it offers and the profusion of the facets that passes its population, which offers for Orientalists between the 19 < sup > th </ sup > century and the 20 < sup > th </ sup > century, a striking inspiration for a very rich artistic creation like Eugène Delacroix with his famous painting women of Algiers in their apartment or Etienne Dinet or other painters of world fame like Pablo Picasso with his painting women of Algiers, or painters issued from the Algiers school.

< center ></ center >

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All 128 ASCII characters, including non-printable characters ( represented by their abbreviations ). The 95 ASCII graphic characters are numbered from 20 < sub > hexadecimal | hex </ sub > to 7E < sub > hexadecimal | hex </ sub > ( decimal 32 to 126 ).

The " space " character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position 20 < sub > hex </ sub >; for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits.

To keep options available for lower case letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter " A " was placed in position 41 < sub > hex </ sub > to match the draft of the corresponding British standard.

The @ symbol was not used in continental Europe and the committee expected it would be replaced by an accented À in the French variation, so the @ was placed in position 40 < sub > hex </ sub > next to the letter A.

In the < tt > MixColumns </ tt > step, each column of the state is multiplied with a fixed polynomial c ( x ).

In the < tt > MixColumns </ tt > step, the four bytes of each column of the state are combined using an invertible linear transformation.

The < tt > MixColumns </ tt > function takes four bytes as input and outputs four bytes, where each input byte affects all four output bytes.

Together with < tt > ShiftRows </ tt >, < tt > MixColumns </ tt > provides diffusion in the cipher.

On systems with 32-bit or larger words, it is possible to speed up execution of this cipher by combining the < tt > SubBytes </ tt > and < tt > ShiftRows </ tt > steps with the < tt > MixColumns </ tt > step by transforming them into a sequence of table lookups.

Using a byte-oriented approach, it is possible to combine the < tt > SubBytes </ tt >, < tt > ShiftRows </ tt >, and < tt > MixColumns </ tt > steps into a single round operation.

Because the clocks had been on average well above sea level, this meant that TAI slowed down, by about 10 < sup >− 12 </ sup >.

* If it is required to use a single number X as an estimate for the value of numbers, then the arithmetic mean does this best, in the sense of minimizing the sum of squares ( x < sub > i </ sub > − X )< sup > 2 </ sup > of the residuals.

If F ≥ F < sub > Critical </ sub > ( Numerator DF, Denominator DF, α )

η < sup > 2 </ sup > ( eta-squared ):

He also offers a conversion table ( see Cohen, 1988, p. 283 ) for eta squared ( η < sup > 2 </ sup >) where 0. 0099 constitutes a small effect, 0. 0588 a medium effect and 0. 1379 a large effect.

When there are only two means to compare, the t-test and the ANOVA F-test are equivalent ; the relation between ANOVA and t is given by F = t < sup > 2 </ sup >.

With the formula C < sub > n </ sub > H < sub > 2n + 2 </ sub >, Alkanes belong to a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ by a constant relative molecular mass of 14.

The number of carbon atoms is used to define the size of the alkane ( e. g., C < sub > 2 </ sub >- alkane ).

The simplest possible alkane ( the parent molecule ) is methane, CH < sub > 4 </ sub >.

In the < tt > ShiftRows </ tt > step, bytes in each row of the state are shifted cyclically to the left.

The < tt > ShiftRows </ tt > step operates on the rows of the state ; it cyclically shifts the bytes in each row by a certain offset.

In this way, each column of the output state of the < tt > ShiftRows </ tt > step is composed of bytes from each column of the input state.

In the < tt > AddRoundKey </ tt > step, each byte of the state is combined with a byte of the round subkey using the Exclusive or | XOR operation (⊕).

In the < tt > AddRoundKey </ tt > step, the subkey is combined with the state.

A round then be done with 16 table lookups and 12 32-bit exclusive-or operations, followed by four 32-bit exclusive-or operations in the < tt > AddRoundKey </ tt > step.

The rise time, t < sub > r </ sub >, of an amplifier is the time taken for the output to change from 10 % to 90 % of its final level when driven by a step input.

In the first step, disulfide is spontaneously oxidized to thiosulfate by ferric iron ( Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup >), which in turn is reduced to give ferrous iron ( Fe < sup > 2 +</ sup >):

In this case, the sole purpose of the bacterial step is the regeneration of Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup >.

* In a chemical reaction, every step of H < sub > 2 </ sub > + Cl < sub > 2 </ sub > chain reaction consumes one molecule of H < sub > 2 </ sub > or Cl < sub > 2 </ sub >, one free radical H · or Cl · producing one HCl molecule and another free radical.