In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations made, both from Arabic translations, such as those by Gerard of Cremona, and from the original Greek, such as those by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke.

Up to the twelfth or thirteenth century, the duty of the Apostolic-or Roman Chancery was to prepare and expedite the pontifical letters and writs for collation of church dignities and other matters of grave importance which were discussed and decided in Consistory.

Their works became more widely known in Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, beginning with the Latin translation of Jābir ’ s Kitab al-Kimya in 1144.

However, because al-Rammah attributes his material to " his father and forefathers ", al-Hassan argues that gunpowder became prevalent in Syria and Egypt by " the end of the twelfth century or the beginning of the thirteenth ".

There was a very large slave market in Acre which functioned throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The number and importance of the lordships varied throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and many cities were part of the royal domain.

These details include full cheeks, realistic wrinkles around the eyes and across the brow, and a red, full-lipped mouth that hints at the Gothic affectations in figural representation coming out of France during the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.

As Arab contact with the West expanded, so too did the game and its various permutations, and by the twelfth century, chess was becoming an entertaining diversion among a growing population of Europeans, including some scholars, clergy, the aristocracy, and the merchant classes ; thus, by the thirteenth century, the iconography and symbolism associated with chess would have been accessible and familiar to Alfonso and his literate court culture, who may have had access to the private library, and manuscripts, of Alfonso, including the Libro de juegos.

As for the word Provençal, it should not be taken as strictly meaning the language of Provence but of Occitania as a whole, as, " in the eleventh, the twelfth, and sometimes also the thirteenth centuries, one would understand under the name of Provence the whole territory of the old Provincia Romana and even Aquitaine ".

The tax was frequently levied on English Jews during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The twelfth, thirteenth and sixteenth amendments to the constitution changed the borders of seven of the provinces.

This idea was the basis of the " soporific sponge " (" sleep sponge "), introduced by the Salerno school of medicine in the late twelfth century and by Ugo Borgognoni ( 1180-1258 ) in the thirteenth century.

The succeeding variety of Early northern Middle English spoken in southeastern Scotland, also known as Early Scots, began to diverge from that of Northumbria due to twelfth and thirteenth century immigration of Scandinavian-influenced Middle English-speakers from the North and Midlands of England.

During the twelfth and thirteenth dynasties ( 1991 BC-1650 BC ), the cult of Sobek was given particular prominence and a number of rulers incorporated him in their coronation names.

Two castles-Castle Oud Haerlem and Castle Heemskerk-were built in the twelfth and thirteenth century respectively to protect the County of Holland against the West Frisians.

It was not until the revival of monumental panel painting in Italy during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, that the image of the Madonna gains prominence outside of Rome, especially throughout Tuscany.

During most of the twelfth century and the early thirteenth century, the south Lincolnshire fens were afforested.

The twelfth and thirteenth volumes of the reports were thus based on fragments of notes several decades old, and not on Coke's original manuscript.

Hubert Walter ( c. 1160 – 13 July 1205 ) was an influential royal adviser in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries in the positions of Chief Justiciar of England, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Chancellor.

Variations in the name are recorded throughout the medieval period and the river appears as Amele in Domesday Book and subsequently as Emele in twelfth and thirteenth century Court Roles.

Austria is home to several large-scale granges built by the Cistercian order in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The Annali Genovesi mentions galleons of 80, 64 and 60 oars used for speed in battle and on missions of exploration, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

Towards the end of the twelfth century, the power of the O ' Fogarty clan began to wane and by the early part of the thirteenth century, the Norman family of Butler came to be the most powerful.

" The authors of the book go on to note that " Those Uzes or Torks who settled along the Russian frontier were gradually Slavicized though they also played a leading role as cavalry in twelfth and early thirteenth century Russian armies where they were known as Black Hats .... Oghuz warriors served in almost all Islamic armies of the Middle East from the eleventh century onwards, in Byzantium from the ninth century, and even in Spain and Morocco.

Those who place first lunar month of the year in twelfth zodiacal sign before the spring equinox and fix the Paschal fourteenth day accordingly, make a great and indeed an extraordinary mistake

* Paryushana is the most important festival among the Jain festivals. It is also known as Dashlakshan parva. It happens during late August / September commencing on the twelfth day of the fortnight of the waning moon cycle and ending in the fourteenth of the fortnight of the waxing moon cycle.

The full flowering of the medieval labyrinth came about from the twelfth through fourteenth centuries with the grand pavement labyrinths of the gothic cathedrals, notably Chartres, Reims and Amiens in northern France.

At ten or eleven years, used surfaces of the teeth begin to bear a square mark surrounded by a white line, and this is pronounced on all the teeth by the twelfth year ; between the twelfth and the fourteenth year this mark takes a round form.

A review article by Andrew R. George says that its builder may have " reigned in the fourteenth, twelfth, eleventh or ninth century " but argues that The reference to a ziqqurrat at Babylon in the Creation Epic ( Enûma Eliš · VI 63: George 1992: 301-2 ) is more solid evidence, however, for a Middle Assyrian piece of this poem survives to prove the long-held theory that it existed already in the second millennium BC.

However, Brown and Gilman note that it was only between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries that the norms for the use of T-and V-forms crystallized.

The radiocarbon evidence is a suite of 28 measurements, for which all but the first four, from the early days of the use of that method and now viewed as inaccurate, support the twelfth to fifteenth centuries chronology, In the 1970s, a beam that produced some of the anomalous dates in 1952 was reanalysed and gave a fourteenth century date, as do dated finds such as Chinese, Persian and Syrian artifacts also support the twelfth and fifteenth century dates.

Though early compositions in completely differentiated Assamese varieties exist from the fourteenth century, the earliest relics of the language can be found in paleographic records of the Kamarupa Kingdom from the fifth century to the twelfth century.

The change began in the twelfth century and was fixed by the fourteenth century.

Ashikaga Yoshiharu would hold nominal powers as the twelfth Muromachi shogun ; and Ashikaga Yoshihide would assume nominal powers as the fourteenth shogun.

Nigel Worthington succeeded Megson in the summer of 1997, and in the Irishman's two full campaigns in the hot seat, Blackpool finished twelfth and fourteenth.

* Château Pécauld, built in the twelfth and fourteenth centuries, and which once belonged to the Dukes of Burgundy, now houses a small museum dedicated to wine growing and production.

an eight year girl is called Kubjika, on the ninth year she is Kaalasandarbha, on reaching tenth year she is Aparajita, on eleventh she is Rudrani, on twelfth year she is named Bhairavi, on thirteenth she is Mahalakshmi, on fourteenth she is Pithanayika, on fifteenth she is Kshetragya, and on sixteenth years of her age she is Ambika.

* Bibliographia poetica: a catalogue of Engleish sic poets, of the twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth, centurys, with a short account of their works, by Joseph Ritson, Philip Bliss, James Boswell, and John Payne Collier, 1802

He is also the fourteenth Viscount Stormont, the fourteenth Lord Scone and the twelfth Lord Balvaird.

The ceremony by which the bishop put a tunicle on a subdeacon whom he ordained began in the twelfth century, but did not become common until the fourteenth.

The majority of the present building dates from the twelfth century to the fourteenth century.

" New Kids on the Blecch " is the fourteenth episode from the twelfth season of The Simpsons.

Langford fought heavyweight Joe Jeanette fourteen times, losing the first by eighth round retirement, winning second by decision, third and fourth were a draw via points, winning the fifth through eighth by decision, ninth was a draw via points, winning the tenth on decision, eleventh was a draw via points, lost the twelfth by decision and winning the thirteenth by seventh round knock out and fourteenth by decision ( Total: 8 wins ( 1 KO ), 2 losses ( 1 RT and 1 PTS ) and 4 draws ).

), winning the sixth by thirteenth round knockout, seventh was a draw via points, losing the eighth by decision, ninth through eleventh were draws via points, winning the twelfth by decision, thirteenth and fourteenth were draws via decision and winning the fifthteenth by decision ( Total: 6 wins ( 2 KO ), 2 losses ( 0 KO ) and 7 draws ).

The first was a draw via points, the second a win via fourteenth round knockout, the third and fourth losses via decision, the fifth a win via nineteenth round knockout, the sixth through ninth losses via decision, the tenth a draw via points, the eleventh a loss via sixth round knockout and the twelfth by seventh round technical knockout, the thirteenth through seventeenth by decision ( Total: 2 wins ( 2 KO ), 14 losses ( 2 KO ) and 2 draws ).