In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations made, both from Arabic translations, such as those by Gerard of Cremona, and from the original Greek, such as those by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke.

Up to the twelfth or thirteenth century, the duty of the Apostolic-or Roman Chancery was to prepare and expedite the pontifical letters and writs for collation of church dignities and other matters of grave importance which were discussed and decided in Consistory.

Their works became more widely known in Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, beginning with the Latin translation of Jābir ’ s Kitab al-Kimya in 1144.

However, because al-Rammah attributes his material to " his father and forefathers ", al-Hassan argues that gunpowder became prevalent in Syria and Egypt by " the end of the twelfth century or the beginning of the thirteenth ".

There was a very large slave market in Acre which functioned throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The number and importance of the lordships varied throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and many cities were part of the royal domain.

These details include full cheeks, realistic wrinkles around the eyes and across the brow, and a red, full-lipped mouth that hints at the Gothic affectations in figural representation coming out of France during the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.

As Arab contact with the West expanded, so too did the game and its various permutations, and by the twelfth century, chess was becoming an entertaining diversion among a growing population of Europeans, including some scholars, clergy, the aristocracy, and the merchant classes ; thus, by the thirteenth century, the iconography and symbolism associated with chess would have been accessible and familiar to Alfonso and his literate court culture, who may have had access to the private library, and manuscripts, of Alfonso, including the Libro de juegos.

As for the word Provençal, it should not be taken as strictly meaning the language of Provence but of Occitania as a whole, as, " in the eleventh, the twelfth, and sometimes also the thirteenth centuries, one would understand under the name of Provence the whole territory of the old Provincia Romana and even Aquitaine ".

The tax was frequently levied on English Jews during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The twelfth, thirteenth and sixteenth amendments to the constitution changed the borders of seven of the provinces.

This idea was the basis of the " soporific sponge " (" sleep sponge "), introduced by the Salerno school of medicine in the late twelfth century and by Ugo Borgognoni ( 1180-1258 ) in the thirteenth century.

The succeeding variety of Early northern Middle English spoken in southeastern Scotland, also known as Early Scots, began to diverge from that of Northumbria due to twelfth and thirteenth century immigration of Scandinavian-influenced Middle English-speakers from the North and Midlands of England.

During the twelfth and thirteenth dynasties ( 1991 BC-1650 BC ), the cult of Sobek was given particular prominence and a number of rulers incorporated him in their coronation names.

Two castles-Castle Oud Haerlem and Castle Heemskerk-were built in the twelfth and thirteenth century respectively to protect the County of Holland against the West Frisians.

The twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth books are largely based on the writings of Pliny and Solinus ; whilst the lost Prata of Suetonius, which can be partly pieced together from its quoted passages in Etymolgiae, seems to have inspired the general plan of the " Etymologiae ", as well as many of its details.

It was not until the revival of monumental panel painting in Italy during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, that the image of the Madonna gains prominence outside of Rome, especially throughout Tuscany.

During most of the twelfth century and the early thirteenth century, the south Lincolnshire fens were afforested.

Hubert Walter ( c. 1160 – 13 July 1205 ) was an influential royal adviser in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries in the positions of Chief Justiciar of England, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Chancellor.

Variations in the name are recorded throughout the medieval period and the river appears as Amele in Domesday Book and subsequently as Emele in twelfth and thirteenth century Court Roles.

Austria is home to several large-scale granges built by the Cistercian order in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The Annali Genovesi mentions galleons of 80, 64 and 60 oars used for speed in battle and on missions of exploration, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

Towards the end of the twelfth century, the power of the O ' Fogarty clan began to wane and by the early part of the thirteenth century, the Norman family of Butler came to be the most powerful.

" The authors of the book go on to note that " Those Uzes or Torks who settled along the Russian frontier were gradually Slavicized though they also played a leading role as cavalry in twelfth and early thirteenth century Russian armies where they were known as Black Hats .... Oghuz warriors served in almost all Islamic armies of the Middle East from the eleventh century onwards, in Byzantium from the ninth century, and even in Spain and Morocco.

In these volumes Hergenröther laid here in minute detail the origins of the Byzantine Church, its development since the fourth century, and after the death of Photius until the completion of the schism in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

There were twelve volumes released with the first eleven having four episodes per DVD and the twelfth volume with five episodes.

He edited geological publications including Hayden's Atlas of Colorado and the eleventh and twelfth reports of the Geological Survey.

The name had already been chosen, thus the publishers opted to reserve the twelfth page for reports or news stories of central importance.

It deals with several specific themes that were the subject of poetical debate among late twelfth century troubadours and trobairitz.

The Lutician uprising of 983 practically annihilated it ; bishops continued to be named, but they were merely titular, until the downfall of the Wends in the twelfth century and the German eastward settlement in the diocesan region revived the bishopric.

By the twelfth century great churches in Germany, like those elsewhere were finding it difficult to hold out against the accumulation of lay custom and lay objections to temporary inheritance.

Further north and east were Armenian Cilicia and the Byzantine Empire, with which Jerusalem had a close relationship in the twelfth century.

Whether the horti Maecenatiani bought by Fronto actually were the former gardens of Maecenas is unknown, and the domus Frontoniana mentioned in the twelfth century by Magister Gregorius may also refer to the gardens of Maecenas.

As archaeologist Robert Liddiard explains " Pitched battles, particularly in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, were rare.

In the Viking colony of Iceland, an extraordinary vernacular literature blossomed in the twelfth to 14th centuries, and many traditions connected with the Viking Age were written down for the first time in the Icelandic sagas.

Oehlenschläger and his sister Sofia were allowed their own way throughout their childhood, and were taught nothing, except to read and write, until their twelfth year.

Both Henry and Frederick were viewed to be sufficiently and formally devout to the teachings of the Church, without being moved to the extremes of spirituality seen in the great saints of the twelfth century.

The Irish monk Saint Colman ( or Koloman, Irish Colmán, derived from colm " dove ") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil ( Virgil the Geometer ) was Bishop of Salzburg for forty years, and twelfth century monastic settlements were founded by Irish Benedictines.

Newcastle finished the 2007 – 08 season in twelfth place, but as the season drew to a close, Keegan publicly criticised the board, claiming they were not providing the team enough financial support.

Despite this turbulence, Newcastle were able to finish twelfth at the end of the season, with one particular highlight being a 4-4 home draw against Arsenal which saw Newcastle come back from four goals down to claim a point.

Although many of their previous albums, including Pleasure to Kill ( 1986 ), were quite popular in the United States, Kreator did not experience major American commercial success until the 2009 release of their twelfth studio album, Hordes of Chaos, which peaked at number 165 on the Billboard 200 and debuted at No. 16 on the Media Control Charts, the band's highest ever chart position in Germany.

The Flemings were lords of Slane from the twelfth century until seventeenth century, when the Conyngham family replaced them as lords of Slane during the Williamite Confiscations.

Up to the twelfth century, most manuscripts were produced in monasteries in order to add to the library or after receiving a commission from a wealthy patron.

This probably indicates, as the preface to the Gesta suggests, that conflicting oral legends about Hereward were already current in the Fenland in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries.

( There were also other twelfth century translations ).

In < cite > The World of the Past </ cite > ( 1963, p. 444 ), archeologist Jacquetta Hawkes states: “ It is no longer thought that the Hyksos rulers ... represent the invasion of a conquering horde of Asiatics ... they were wandering groups of Semites who had long come to Egypt for trade and other peaceful purposes .” However, this view still makes it difficult to explain how “ wandering groups ” could have gained control of Egypt, especially since the twelfth dynasty, prior to this period, is considered to have brought the country to a peak of power.

As of 2000, Hypoluxo had the twelfth highest percentage of Canadian residents in the US ( tied with four other US areas ,) which accounted 5. 40 % of all residents, while it can be assumed that because of the percentage of Finnish speakers, Finns were around 4. 52 % of town's population.

About 1935, pupils were transported to the Moberly Lincoln High School for the eleventh and twelfth grades.

An early market economy and an early form of mercantilism, sometimes called " Islamic capitalism ", were developed between the eighth and twelfth centuries.