In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations made, both from Arabic translations, such as those by Gerard of Cremona, and from the original Greek, such as those by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke.

Up to the twelfth or thirteenth century, the duty of the Apostolic-or Roman Chancery was to prepare and expedite the pontifical letters and writs for collation of church dignities and other matters of grave importance which were discussed and decided in Consistory.

Their works became more widely known in Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, beginning with the Latin translation of Jābir ’ s Kitab al-Kimya in 1144.

However, because al-Rammah attributes his material to " his father and forefathers ", al-Hassan argues that gunpowder became prevalent in Syria and Egypt by " the end of the twelfth century or the beginning of the thirteenth ".

There was a very large slave market in Acre which functioned throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The number and importance of the lordships varied throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and many cities were part of the royal domain.

These details include full cheeks, realistic wrinkles around the eyes and across the brow, and a red, full-lipped mouth that hints at the Gothic affectations in figural representation coming out of France during the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.

As Arab contact with the West expanded, so too did the game and its various permutations, and by the twelfth century, chess was becoming an entertaining diversion among a growing population of Europeans, including some scholars, clergy, the aristocracy, and the merchant classes ; thus, by the thirteenth century, the iconography and symbolism associated with chess would have been accessible and familiar to Alfonso and his literate court culture, who may have had access to the private library, and manuscripts, of Alfonso, including the Libro de juegos.

As for the word Provençal, it should not be taken as strictly meaning the language of Provence but of Occitania as a whole, as, " in the eleventh, the twelfth, and sometimes also the thirteenth centuries, one would understand under the name of Provence the whole territory of the old Provincia Romana and even Aquitaine ".

The tax was frequently levied on English Jews during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

This idea was the basis of the " soporific sponge " (" sleep sponge "), introduced by the Salerno school of medicine in the late twelfth century and by Ugo Borgognoni ( 1180-1258 ) in the thirteenth century.

The succeeding variety of Early northern Middle English spoken in southeastern Scotland, also known as Early Scots, began to diverge from that of Northumbria due to twelfth and thirteenth century immigration of Scandinavian-influenced Middle English-speakers from the North and Midlands of England.

During the twelfth and thirteenth dynasties ( 1991 BC-1650 BC ), the cult of Sobek was given particular prominence and a number of rulers incorporated him in their coronation names.

Two castles-Castle Oud Haerlem and Castle Heemskerk-were built in the twelfth and thirteenth century respectively to protect the County of Holland against the West Frisians.

The twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth books are largely based on the writings of Pliny and Solinus ; whilst the lost Prata of Suetonius, which can be partly pieced together from its quoted passages in Etymolgiae, seems to have inspired the general plan of the " Etymologiae ", as well as many of its details.

It was not until the revival of monumental panel painting in Italy during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, that the image of the Madonna gains prominence outside of Rome, especially throughout Tuscany.

During most of the twelfth century and the early thirteenth century, the south Lincolnshire fens were afforested.

The twelfth and thirteenth volumes of the reports were thus based on fragments of notes several decades old, and not on Coke's original manuscript.

Hubert Walter ( c. 1160 – 13 July 1205 ) was an influential royal adviser in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries in the positions of Chief Justiciar of England, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Chancellor.

Variations in the name are recorded throughout the medieval period and the river appears as Amele in Domesday Book and subsequently as Emele in twelfth and thirteenth century Court Roles.

Austria is home to several large-scale granges built by the Cistercian order in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The Annali Genovesi mentions galleons of 80, 64 and 60 oars used for speed in battle and on missions of exploration, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

Towards the end of the twelfth century, the power of the O ' Fogarty clan began to wane and by the early part of the thirteenth century, the Norman family of Butler came to be the most powerful.

" The authors of the book go on to note that " Those Uzes or Torks who settled along the Russian frontier were gradually Slavicized though they also played a leading role as cavalry in twelfth and early thirteenth century Russian armies where they were known as Black Hats .... Oghuz warriors served in almost all Islamic armies of the Middle East from the eleventh century onwards, in Byzantium from the ninth century, and even in Spain and Morocco.

Under Pope Julius III, the Council met in Trent ( 1551 – 52 ) for the twelfth through sixteenth sessions, and under Pope Pius IV, the seventeenth through twenty-fifth sessions took place in Trent ( 1559 – 63 ).

The focus of power moved from the Hill Complex in the twelfth century, to the Great Enclosure, the Upper Valley and finally the Lower Valley in the early sixteenth century.

It has been argued that between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, " rithmomachia served as a practical exemplar for teaching the contemplative values of Boethian mathematical philosophy, which emphasized the natural harmony and perfection of number and proportion.

an eight year girl is called Kubjika, on the ninth year she is Kaalasandarbha, on reaching tenth year she is Aparajita, on eleventh she is Rudrani, on twelfth year she is named Bhairavi, on thirteenth she is Mahalakshmi, on fourteenth she is Pithanayika, on fifteenth she is Kshetragya, and on sixteenth years of her age she is Ambika.

* Bibliographia poetica: a catalogue of Engleish sic poets, of the twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth, centurys, with a short account of their works, by Joseph Ritson, Philip Bliss, James Boswell, and John Payne Collier, 1802

Like other works in Old English, the rapid changes in the English language after the Norman Conquest meant that it simply would not have been understood between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries.

During the last decade of his life he also wrote the cantata Vox Humana ( 1974, on texts by Latin American poets ), concertos for violin and orchestra ( 1977-78 ) and for viola and orchestra ( 1979 ), a twelfth symphony for mixed chorus and orchestra ( 1973 ) to poems by Pablo Neruda and a sixteenth symphony ( 1979 ) which features a bravura solo part for alto saxophone.

From the twelfth to the sixteenth century, various scholars used to distinguish between Ireland and Scotland by using Scotia Vetus or Scotia Major meaning Old Scotia or the Greater Scotia for Ireland, and Scotia Minor or Lesser Scotia for Scotland.

" Goo Goo Gai Pan " is the twelfth episode from the sixteenth season of The Simpsons, which originally aired on March 13, 2005.

" Bye Bye Nerdie " is the sixteenth episode of the twelfth season of the American animated sitcom The Simpsons.

The instrument was commonly used in secular music from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries.

The thirteenth and fourteenth amendments were ratified but the twelfth was rejected.

The question of “ using ″ Article 146 to draw a new constitution, and hold a referendum, was left to the twelfth ( and first all-German ) Bundestag, who after considering the question decided against a new draft.

According to another constitution of the same emperors, the agrimensor was to receive an aureus from each of any three bordering proprietors whose boundaries he settled, and if he set a limes right between proprietors, he received an aureus for each twelfth part of the property through which fee restored the limes.

The first name for the settlement was probably Pueblo Colorado, but when Don Lorenzo Hubbell ( Nov 27, 1853-November 12, 1930 ) purchased the post in 1876, he changed the name to Ganado in honor of Ganado Mucho, the last Navajo peace chief and the twelfth signer of the Navajo peace treaty of 1868.

In 2003, when a new Danish University Law was passed, the IT University was officially appointed a University, the twelfth and smallest university in Denmark, and therefore changed its name to the IT University of Copenhagen-IT-Universitetet i København in Danish.

Although framing borders in ancient art were used to divide scenes and ornamentation by ancient Egyptian and Greek artists in pottery and wallpaintings, the first carved wooden frames as we know them today appeared on small panel paintings in twelfth and thirteenth century Europe.