The use of expert witnesses is sometimes criticized in the United States because in civil trials, they are often used by both sides to advocate differing positions, and it is left up to a jury to decide which expert witness to believe.

In many, but not all, United States jurisdictions that use grand juries, prosecutors often have a choice between seeking an indictment from a grand jury and filing a charging document directly with the court.

In its citation, the jury said: " Ieoh Ming Pei has given this century some of its most beautiful interior spaces and exterior forms ... His versatility and skill in the use of materials approach the level of poetry.

Japanese courts use a modified jury system, and there are no administrative courts or claims courts.

Only the United States and Canada make routine use of jury trials in a wide variety of non-criminal cases.

Other common law legal jurisdictions use jury trials only in a very select class of cases that make up a tiny share of the overall civil docket ( e. g. defamation suits in England and Wales ), while true civil jury trials are almost entirely absent elsewhere in the world.

The use of jury trials evolved within common law systems rather than civil law systems, has had a profound impact on the nature of American civil procedure and criminal procedure rules, even in cases where a bench trial is actually contemplated in a particular case.

Defense counsel for Sun Myung Moon instead asserted use of the word in the jury selection process was necessary to identify the Unification Church and to question jurors about possible prejudice.

The grand jury indicted Clemens on August 19, 2010 on charges of making false statements to Congress about his use of performance-enhancing drugs.

Barkan writes that if defendants plead not guilty, " they must decide whether their primary goal will be to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine, or to use the proceedings as a forum to inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances surrounding the case and their reasons for breaking the law via civil disobedience.

The jury convicted, but the case went to appeal on the basis that no means of accumulating evidence had been provided for jurors who did not wish to use Bayes ' theorem.

Timestamps are inserted into the margin if a videorecording is being made ; in the event the witness is unavailable for trial, the parties and / or the court will use the timestamps to identify admissible segments which a video editor will stitch together to present to the jury.

Accordingly, while most depositions are not videotaped, opposing counsel may use the opportunity to get an impression of the witness's affect and appearance, because these are telling factors as to how that person will present in front of a jury.

The film is notable for its almost exclusive use of one set: with the exception of the film's opening, which begins outside on the steps of the courthouse and ends with the jury's final instructions before retiring, a brief final scene on the courthouse steps and two short scenes in an adjoining washroom, the entire movie takes place in the jury room.

With the use of a Final 2, the jury has almost always been odd-numbered, thus ensuring that no tie would be possible.

An example of demarchy is the use of a jury of peers in criminal cases.

Most of the players named in the book initially denied steroid use, though Giambi admitted to steroid use in testimony before a grand jury investigating the BALCO case and on January 11, 2010, McGwire admitted publicly to using steroids.

Some lawyers use a shadow defense to get information entered into the record that would otherwise be inadmissible hoping that evidence will trigger a jury nullification.

The use of ordinary household items to jury rig devices shows an influence from The A-Team ( though MacGyver eschews firearms ).

However, upon appeal the New York Court of Appeals, in a unanimous finding, held that the use of an entirely subjective test to determine the appropriateness of deadly physical force by a defendant could permit a jury to acquit every defendant who believed that his actions were reasonable, regardless of how bizarre the rationale, creating a slippery slope.

In accordance with 265 ( 4 ) an accused may use the defense that he believed that the complainant consented, but such a defence may be used only when " a judge, if satisfied that there is sufficient evidence and that, if believed by the jury, the evidence would constitute a defence, shall instruct the jury when reviewing all the evidence relating to the determination of the honesty of the accused's belief, to consider the presence or absence of reasonable grounds for that belief "; furthermore according to section 273. 2 ( b ) the accused must show that he took reasonable steps in order to ascertain the complainant's consent, also 273. 2 ( a ) states that if the accused's belief steams from self-induced intoxication, or recklessness or wilful blindness than such belief is not a defense.

But what a super-Herculean task it is to winnow anything of value from the mud-beplastered arguments used so freely, particularly since such common use is made of cliches and stereotypes, in themselves declarations of intellectual bankruptcy.

We must use common sense in applying conditions

Several efforts were made in this direction, and though not all of them survive to this day, the Brown & Sharpe wire gage system was eventually adopted as the American standard and is still in common use today.

Finally, whatever the techniques used, a twin goal is common to all preventive casework service: to cushion or reduce the force of the stress impact while at the same time to encourage and support family members to mobilize and use their ego capacities.

We come upon a rabbit that has been caught in one of the brutal traps in common use.

We find it in that `` common way of life pleasing to Christ and still in use among the truest societies of Christians '', that is, the better monasteries which made it easier to convert the Utopians to Christianity.

Table 1,, p. 394, shows a comparison of K factor ratings of a number of commercial insulating materials in common use, including two different types of rigid urethane foam.

Inside the body, artificial heart valves are in common use with artificial hearts and lungs seeing less common use but under active technology development.

There are dozens of alphabets in use today, the most common being the Latin alphabet ( which was derived from the Greek ).

Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this Z number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word and its English equivalent atomic number come into common use.

The term " allocution " is generally only in use in jurisdictions in the United States, though there are vaguely similar processes in other common law countries.

Arsenic is a common n-type dopant in semiconductor electronic devices, and the optoelectronic compound gallium arsenide is the most common semiconductor in use after doped silicon.

In The Mysterious Affair at Styles, Poirot operates as a fairly conventional, clue-based detective, depending on logic, which is represented in his vocabulary by two common phrases: his use of " the little grey cells " and " order and method ".

Both terms anti-Semitism and antisemitism are in common use.

Jehovah's Witnesses occasionally use the terms " afterlife " and " hereafter " to refer to any hope for the dead, but they understand Ecclesiastes 9: 5 to preclude common views of afterlife:

This is particularly important for light, modern anchors designed to bury in the bottom, where ratios of 5 – 7 to 1 are common, whereas heavy anchors and moorings can use 3 to 1 or less.

Agate is one of the most common materials used in the art of hardstone carving, and has been recovered at a number of ancient sites, indicating its widespread use in the ancient world ; for example, archaeological recovery at the Knossos site on Crete illustrates its role in Bronze Age Minoan culture.

One such example is the common use of western broccoli ( xīlán, 西蘭 ) instead of Chinese broccoli ( jie lan, 芥蘭 jièlán ) in American Chinese cuisine.

By the mid-16th century, they were in common use in most of Europe.

The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land.

This poster from the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention " Get Smart " campaign, intended for use in doctors ' offices and other healthcare facilities, warns that antibiotics do not work for viral illnesses such as the common cold.