Atomic orbitals are the basic building blocks of the atomic orbital model ( alternatively known as the electron cloud or wave mechanics model ), a modern framework for visualizing the microscopic behavior of electrons in matter.

) A state is actually a function of the coordinates of all the electrons, so that their motion is correlated, but this is often approximated by this independent-particle model of products of single electron wave functions.

The Wave model ( linguistics ) | wave model allows overlapping regions.

Young's experiment, performed in the early 1800s, played a vital part in the acceptance of the wave theory of light, vanquishing the corpuscular theory of light proposed by Isaac Newton, which had been the accepted model of light propagation in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Although several versions of many-worlds have been proposed since Hugh Everett's original work, they all contain one key idea: the equations of physics that model the time evolution of systems without embedded observers are sufficient for modelling systems which do contain observers ; in particular there is no observation-triggered wave function collapse which the Copenhagen interpretation proposes.

Since ECMWF runs a wave model, there are also predictions of coastal waves and storm surges in European waters which can be used to provide warnings.

The solution of the Schrödinger equation goes much further than the Bohr model, because it also yields the shape of the electron's wave function (" orbital ") for the various possible quantum-mechanical states, thus explaining the anisotropic character of atomic bonds.

He pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods, called ab initio quantum chemistry methods, that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function.

To explain stellar aberration in the context of an aether-based theory of light was regarded as more problematic, because it requires that the aether be stationary even as the Earth moves through it — precisely the problem that led Newton to reject a wave model in the first place.

However, a century later, Young and Fresnel revived the wave theory of light when they pointed out that light could be a transverse wave rather than a longitudinal wave — the polarization of a transverse wave ( like Newton's " sides " of light ) could explain birefringence, and in the wake of a series of experiments on diffraction the particle model of Newton was finally abandoned.

Physical optics is a more comprehensive model of light, which includes wave effects such as diffraction and interference that cannot be accounted for in geometric optics.

Historically, the ray-based model of light was developed first, followed by the wave model of light.

The wave model can be used to make predictions about how an optical system will behave without requiring an explanation of what is " waving " in what medium.

Most of these use a single scalar quantity to represent the electric field of the light wave, rather than using a vector model with orthogonal electric and magnetic vectors.

The modern photon concept was developed gradually by Albert Einstein to explain experimental observations that did not fit the classical wave model of light.

Probability clouds are approximate, but better than the Bohr model, whereby electron location is given by a probability function, the wave function eigenvalue, such that the probability is the squared modulus of the complex amplitude, or quantum state nuclear attraction.

The foundation of quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry is the wave model, in which the atom is a small, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons.

Unlike the earlier Bohr model of the atom, however, the wave model describes electrons as " clouds " moving in orbitals, and their positions are represented by probability distributions rather than discrete points.

The observed intensity of the radio emission of Venus is much higher than the expected thermal intensity, although the spectrum indicated by measurements at wave lengths near 3 cm and 10 cm is like that of a black body at about 600-degrees.

Mars has been observed twice at about 3-cm wave length, and the intensity of the observed radiation is in reasonable agreement with the thermal radiation which might be predicted on the basis of the known temperature of Mars.

No attempts to measure the radio emission of the remaining planets have been reported, and, because of their distances, small diameters, or low temperatures, the thermal radiation at radio wave lengths reaching the earth from these sources is expected to be of very low intensity.

The radio radiation of the sun which is reflected from the moon and planets should be negligible compared with their thermal emission at centimeter wave lengths, except possibly at times of exceptional outbursts of solar radio noise.

An ordinary sea wave is rarely more than a few hundred feet long from crest to crest -- no longer than 320 feet in the Atlantic or 1,000 feet in the Pacific.

The greater the depth of the water, the greater is the speed of the wave ; ;

Generally the first salvo of a tsunami is a rather sharp swell, not different enough from an ordinary wave to alarm casual observers.

A tsunami is not a single wave but a series.

The waves are separated by intervals of 15 minutes to an hour or more ( because of their great length ), and this has often lulled people into thinking after the first great wave has crashed that it is all over.

The `` moving '' picture of the train or the wave coming at the audience is, to be sure, more intense than a still picture of the same subject, but the difference is really one of degree ; ;

-- A wave of public resentment against corruption in government is rising in Massachusetts.

This is mainly due to the immigration wave of the 1990s.

Amplitude modulation ( AM ) is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave.

This is used by radio amateurs to transmit Morse code and is known as continuous wave ( CW ) operation.

Aristotle ( 384-322 BC ) understood that sound consisted of contractions and expansions of the air " falling upon and striking the air which is next to it ...", a very good expression of the nature of wave motion.

There is one fundamental equation that describes sound wave propagation, but the phenomena that emerge from it are varied and often complex.

The central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation.

The lowest possible energy an electron can take is therefore analogous to the fundamental frequency of a wave on a string.

Fundamentally, an atomic orbital is a one-electron wave function, even though most electrons do not exist in one-electron atoms, and so the one-electron view is an approximation.

Pakistan was created in 1947 expressly as a Muslim state, but when the army took over eleven years later it did so on a wave of mass impatience which was directed in part against the inability of political and religious leaders to think their way through to the meaning of Islam for the modern political situation.

The speaker can be programmatically switched on or off at any time but is permanently attached to a hardware counter so is normally only able to output a square wave.

Vox format files are similar to wave files except that the vox files contain no information about the file itself so the codec sample rate and number of channels must first be specified in order to play a vox file.

* Wave function normalization is scaling a wave function so that its norm is 1.

In his article The Old Man and the Daiquiri, Wayne Curtis tells us how Hemingway ’ s “ home bar also held a bottle of Bacardí rum .” Hemingway wrote in Islands in the Stream “… this frozen daiquirí, so well beaten as it is, looks like the sea where the wave falls away from the bow of a ship when she is doing thirty knots .”

While they are travelling, the distance between successive wave fronts is reduced ; so the waves " bunch together ".

Conversely, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer, each wave is emitted from a position farther from the observer than the previous wave, so the arrival time between successive waves is increased, reducing the frequency.

The distance between successive wave fronts is increased, so the waves " spread out ".

The tuned circuit resonates at one frequency, the fixed carrier frequency, and so the unwanted frequencies are suppressed, and the wanted full signal ( sine wave ) will be extracted by the tuned load.

In a typical F wave study, a strong electrical stimulus ( supramaximal stimulation ) is applied to the skin surface above the distal portion of a nerve so that the impulse travels both distally ( towards the muscle fiber ) and proximally ( back to the motor neurons of the spinal cord ).

where ω is implicitly a function of k. We assume that the wave packet α is almost monochromatic, so that A ( k ) is nonzero only in the vicinity of a central wavenumber k < sub > 0 </ sub >.

Pulsed operation of lasers refers to any laser not classified as continuous wave, so that the optical power appears in pulses of some duration at some repetition rate.

Electric charge is an inextricable property of matter, so it appeared that some form of matter was required to provide the alternating current that would seem to have to exist at any point along the propagation path of the wave.

With so much destruction, it was difficult for the residents of this area to recover from each successive invasion before encountering the next wave to wash over them.

* If the molecule has some symmetry, the degenerate atomic orbitals ( with the same atomic energy ) are grouped in linear combinations ( called symmetry-adapted atomic orbitals ( SO )), which belong to the representation of the symmetry group, so the wave functions that describe the group are known as symmetry-adapted linear combinations ( SALC ).

In quantum mechanics, there is wave-particle duality, so the properties of the particle can be described as the properties of a wave.

The waves travel slower in the more shallow water, so the wavelength decreases and the wave bends at the boundary.

Inside a barrier, E < U ( z ) so the wave functions which satisfy this are decaying waves,

However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, Niels Bohr, never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, so that Schrödinger's Cat did not pose any riddle to him.

The electric field of the transmitted plane wave is given by and so evaluating this further one obtains:

Therefore, for the first part of its history, the torpedo was guided only in the sense that its course could be regulated so as to achieve an intended impact depth ( because of the sine wave running path of the Whitehead, this was a hit or miss proposition, even when everything worked correctly ) and, through gyroscopes, a straight course.