Thermotropic phases are those that occur in a certain temperature range.

Thermotropic chiral LCs whose pitch varies strongly with temperature can be used as crude liquid crystal thermometers, since the color of the material will change as the pitch is changed.

Thermotropic and lyotropic LCs consist of organic molecules.

Thermotropic LCs exhibit a phase transition into the LC phase as temperature is changed.

Lyotropic mesophases are analyzed in a similar fashion, through these experiments are somewhat more complex, as the concentration of mesogen is a key factor.

When the change of state occurs in stages the intermediate steps are called mesophases.

The various LC phases ( called mesophases ) can be characterized by the type of ordering.

The columnar phase is a class of mesophases in which molecules assemble into cylindrical structures to act as mesogens.

Some organic compounds melt through mesophases, states of partial order between solid and liquid.

Useful mesophases between solid and liquid form other states of matter.

As already described, chiral LC molecules usually give rise to chiral mesophases.

It is possible for chiral LC molecules to produce essentially achiral mesophases.

An interesting recent observation is of the formation of chiral mesophases from achiral LC molecules.

HPC forms liquid crystals and many mesophases according to its concentration in water.

Such mesophases include isotropic, anisotropic, nematic and cholesteric.

These frequencies are amplified and detected by the FM receiver after each burst of transmitted energy and, after the `` pill '' has been calibrated, precise internal pressure indications can be obtained.

When some thirteen records of newly and recently born individuals are collated, little or no correlation between length and distribution can be detected.

Mobile forces are required to localize and attack detected targets, since the systems are not capable of pinpointing a target.

Only high frequency sounds like mating calls are heard in this way but low frequency noises can be detected through another mechanism.

Through satellite images and ground investigations, archaeologists have detected at least 8 main roads that together run for more than 180 miles ( ca 300 km ), and are more than 30 feet ( 10 m ) wide.

Although, as of 2009, none of the extrasolar planets detected by ground-based astrometry has been verified in subsequent studies, astrometry is expected to be more accurate in space missions that are not affected by the distorting effects of the Earth's atmosphere.

Autocorrelation of the errors, which themselves are unobserved, can generally be detected because it produces autocorrelation in the observable residuals.

Bioinformatics is very much involved in making sense of protein microarray and HT MS data ; the former approach faces similar problems as with microarrays targeted at mRNA, the latter involves the problem of matching large amounts of mass data against predicted masses from protein sequence databases, and the complicated statistical analysis of samples where multiple, but incomplete peptides from each protein are detected.

Therefore, local changes in concentration ( e. g. Creaming and Sedimentation ) and global changes in size ( e. g. flocculation, coalescence ) are detected and monitored.

The half-lives of elements 41 through 82 are so long however that their radioactive decay has yet to be detected by experiment.

Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 98 are unstable to the point that their radioactive decay can be detected.

These 98 elements have been detected in the universe at large, in the spectra of stars and also supernovae, where short-lived radioactive elements are newly being made.

The half-lives of these metastable " theoretical radionuclides " are so long ( at least 100 million times longer than the estimated age of the universe ) that their radioactive decay has yet to be detected by experiment.

Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 98 are unstable to the point that their radioactive decay can be detected.

For one thing, if verbal reports are treated as observations, akin to observations in other branches of science, then the possibility arises that they may contain errors — but it is difficult to make sense of the idea that subjects could be wrong about their own experiences, and even more difficult to see how such an error could be detected.

Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry is a method of chemical analysis in which the sample is heated to decomposition to produce smaller molecules that are separated by gas chromatography and detected using mass spectrometry.

They can explain why chemistry is so prevalent in the interstellar medium, where many different polyatomic species have been detected ( by radio astronomy ), but where temperatures are so low that conventional wisdom might suggest that chemical reactions do not occur.

Cathode rays are invisible, but their presence was first detected in early vacuum tubes when they struck the glass wall of the tube, exciting the atoms of the glass and causing them to emit light, a glow called fluorescence.

Like any software detection system, some cheats are not detected by VAC and at times, the only effective anti-cheat solution is a human administrator watching an online game.

Random errors will tend to cancel out as more measurements are made, due to regression to the mean ; systematic errors will be detected by differences between the measurements ( and will also tend to cancel out since the direction of the error will still be random ).

Once hybridisation occurs in situ, RNA probes with the incorporated DIG-U can be detected with anti-DIG antibodies that are conjugated to alkaline phosphatase.

Most such failures are rapidly detected as decomposition within the can causes gas production and the can will swell or burst.

Finally, past life leaves some markers that cannot be seen but can be detected in the form of biochemical signals ; these are known as chemofossils or biomarkers.

Blood and other substances are sometimes detected by fluorescent reagents, like fluorescein.

Mercer's lyrics are characterized by an unerring ear for rhythmic nuances, a puckish sense of humor expressed in language with a colloquial flair.

The model of this paper considers an industry which is not characterized by vigorous price competition, but which is so basic that its wage-price policies are held in check by continuous critical public scrutiny.

In another study chromium-substituted aluminum oxyhydroxides and related species, prepared homogeneously by high-temperature hydrolysis, are being characterized and investigated spectrally in the ultraviolet region with a view to identification and semiquantitative estimation of the phases formed under varying preparative conditions.

In practical terms, however, since most of us are spontaneously self-centered, Buddhism encourages us to focus love and compassion on others, and thus can be characterized as " altruistic.

The style is characterized by specific rhythms and of Qacidate ( Popular poems ) in Arabic dialect that are long poems from the Algerian heritage.

This music is characterized by a large technical research and focuses mainly on twelve long Noubate " series ", its main instruments are the mandolin, violin, lute, guitar, zither, flute and piano.

Amoeboids are single-celled life-forms characterized by an irregular shape.

Decoration is characterized by fine hatching, and contrasting colors are produced by the use of mineral-based paint on a chalky background.

For example, in modern Western cultures, there are alternative styles of clothing that characterized older and younger generations.

While there are ancient relations between the Indian Vedas and the Iranian Avesta, the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view on the role of man in the universe.

They are characterized by seeing the world through an agricultural lens.

The shells of abalones have a low and open spiral structure, and are characterized by several open respiratory pores in a row near the shell's outer edge.

Tolstoy defined art ( and by no coincidence also characterized its value ) as the following: " Art is a human activity consisting in this, that one man consciously, by means of certain external signs, hands on to others feelings he has lived through, and that other people are infected by these feelings and also experience them.

The United States ' regional cuisines are characterized by its extreme diversity and style with each region having its own distinctive cuisine.

Compared with most other classes of natural compounds, alkaloids are characterized by a great structural diversity and there is no uniform classification of alkaloids.

Whereas other nations have soothsayers and diviners who attempt to discover the will of their gods, according to Heschel the Hebrew prophets are characterized by their experience of what he calls theotropism — God turning towards humanity.

Thus, ocular albinism occurs more frequently in males as they have a single X and Y chromosome, unlike females, whose genetics are characterized by two X chromosomes.

As defined by Arrhenius, acid – base reactions are characterized by Arrhenius acids, which dissociate in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions (), and Arrhenius bases, which form hydroxide () ions.

* Long bones are characterized by a shaft, the diaphysis, that is much longer than it is wide.

Unlike bioweapons, these midspectrum agents do not reproduce in their host and are typically characterized by shorter incubation periods.

Although it's increasingly common for couples – particularly younger couples – to have " power neutral " relationships and / or play styles, activities and relationships within a BDSM context are often characterized by the participants ' taking on complementary, but unequal roles ; thus, the idea of informed consent of both the partners becomes essential.

In general, Bayesian methods are characterized by the following concepts and procedures:

Users are also widely characterized as the class of people that use a system without complete technical expertise required to understand the system fully.

The Canoidea superfamily ( or Caniformia suborder ) – Canidae ( wolves, dogs and foxes ), Mephitidae ( skunks and stink badgers ), Mustelidae ( weasels, badgers, and otters ), Procyonidae ( raccoons ), Ursidae ( bears ), Otariidae ( eared seals ), Odobenidae ( walrus ), and Phocidae ( earless seals ) ( the last three families formerly classified in the suborder Pinnipedia ) and the extinct family Amphicyonidae ( bear-dogs ) – are characterized by having nonchambered or partially chambered auditory bullae, nonretractable claws, and a well-developed baculum.

Could one not say that, in the fortuitous combinations of the productions of nature, as there must be some characterized by a certain relation of fitness which are able to subsist, it is not to be wondered at that this fitness is present in all the species that are currently in existence?