These are the assembly ( in some cases with a quorum of 6000 ), the council of 500 ( boule ) and the courts ( a minimum of 200 people, but running at least on some occasions up to 6000 ).

These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its dogma.

These types of claims are increasing and Italian courts have recently allowed them against banks that continue to apply compound interest on retail clients ’ current account overdrafts.

These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previously been dealt with only by regional or local lords.

These courts run parallel to the normal court system, and are undergoing reforms that include the first ever appointment of female judges.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

These musicians were highly sought throughout Europe, particularly in Italy, where churches and aristocratic courts hired them as composers and teachers.

These rules govern how an appeal may be commenced, what kind of notice ( if any ) is required, the types of briefs, pleadings or statements of case, motions, and orders allowed in appeals, the timing and manner of the appeal, the conduct of appellate hearings, the process for decisions, various available remedies, and how the courts and clerks must function.

These new shari ' a courts serve three functions ; namely, to pass rulings in both criminal and civil cases, to organize a militia capable of arresting criminals, and to keep convicted prisoners incarcerated.

These courts did not cover cases involved other religious groups, or capital offences or threats to public order.

These cases usually pertain to issues which different appellate courts within its jurisdiction have decided differently, or highly controversial cases involving a completely new legal issue never seen in that state.

These courts operated through relaxed rules of evidence and due process and were often staffed by law students and inexperienced lawyers.

" These relaxed standards usually do not result in reversals, as the court of appeals grants more deference to the judgment of the lower courts.

These cases are tried in district courts ( first tier courts ) by a jury of nine laymen.

These purely academic issues led the U. S. courts to describe cases where developing circumstances made any judgment ineffective as " moot ".

These manorial courts were preserved under the Administration of Justice Act 1977.

These were supposed courts made up of tribunals staffed by 10 to 70 women who would hear a case of love and rule on it based on the rules of love.

These other duties in fact include the resolving of conflicts of competence between courts, penal trials against judges for offences committed in office, disciplinary and advisory tasks and the decision in disputes about prizes taken by Dutch vessels.

These courts were extinguished when the state was reorganized into the United States District Courts for the Eastern and Western Districts of North Carolina.

These rules govern how a lawsuit or case may be commenced, what kind of service of process ( if any ) is required, the types of pleadings or statements of case, motions or applications, and orders allowed in civil cases, the timing and manner of depositions and discovery or disclosure, the conduct of trials, the process for judgment, various available remedies, and how the courts and clerks must function.

These courts do not use the common law of England, but are civil law courts largely based upon the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian.

These obligations apply to both criminal and civil hearings, and to all courts and tribunals.

These two steps essentially complete the lookup operation.

These fields of study were essentially created by Claude Shannon, who published fundamental papers on the topic in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

These first operating systems were essentially scheduled work queues.

These centrosomes, which were duplicated during S-phase, function as microtubule organizing centers nucleating microtubules, which are essentially cellular ropes and poles.

These were essentially the same as the 1970 uniforms but with blue and yellow piping on the sleeves and collar.

These effects are essentially identical to various concentrations of nitrous oxide.

These are essentially the solutions of the Dirac Equation which describes the behavior of the electron's probability amplitude and the Klein-Gordon equation which describes the behavior of the photon's probability amplitude.

These are essentially the duties of every Christian and are mainly Scriptural either in letter or in spirit.

These not only result in lost revenue, but involve additional costs: for instance, payments made for tax advice are essentially deadweight costs because they add no wealth to the economy.

These were essentially similar to the torpedo boats they faced, but mounted a light gun instead of torpedoes.

These terms and definitions change from standard to standard, but are essentially the same.

These invaders subdivided the territory of Venetia into numerous feuds ruled by Germanic dukes and counts ( essentially creating the division of Veneto from Friuli ).

These preferred camping spots became sources of cholera in the epidemic years ( 1849 – 1855 ) as many thousands of people used the same camping spots with essentially no sewage facilities or adequate sewage treatment.

These are normal genetic diseases caused by gene deletions or inactivation of the genes, but are unusually common because individuals are essentially hemizygous because of genomic imprinting, and therefore a single gene knock out is sufficient to cause the disease, where most cases would require both copies to be knocked out.

These remarkable results, at least in their original form, are due essentially to Wald.

These four boats were essentially the Crouch design, modified in some details by the Bureau of Ships.

These are essentially space telescopes that are pointed toward the Earth instead of toward the stars.

These traditions consisted primarily of English and Scottish ballads — which were essentially unaccompanied narratives — and dance music, such as Irish reels, which were accompanied by a fiddle.

" These statements essentially eliminate any " special " factors in the relations and were strongly criticized by opposition parties in Taiwan.

These consist essentially of a 3 – 5 mm thick silicon junction type p-i-n diode ( same as PIN diode ) with a bias of − 1000 V across it.

These may have an essentially topological nature, leading to inconsistencies ( defining more than one value ).

These formations were essentially immune to the attacks of mounted men-at-arms as long as the knights obligingly threw themselves on the spear wall, but the closely packed nature of pike formations rendered them vulnerable to enemy archers and crossbowmen who could shoot them down with impunity, especially when the pikemen did not have adequate armor.

These systems were essentially arcade-only consoles where the video game ROM could be swapped easily to replace a game.

These terms cause confusion, because some denied any differences ( arguing that everyone does essentially the same thing with software ) while others use the terms to create a difference ( arguing the terms mean completely different jobs ).