These are the assembly ( in some cases with a quorum of 6000 ), the council of 500 ( boule ) and the courts ( a minimum of 200 people, but running at least on some occasions up to 6000 ).

These courts essentially overrule all previous cases in each new case, and older cases survive only to the extent they do not conflict with newer cases.

These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its dogma.

These types of claims are increasing and Italian courts have recently allowed them against banks that continue to apply compound interest on retail clients ’ current account overdrafts.

These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previously been dealt with only by regional or local lords.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

These musicians were highly sought throughout Europe, particularly in Italy, where churches and aristocratic courts hired them as composers and teachers.

These rules govern how an appeal may be commenced, what kind of notice ( if any ) is required, the types of briefs, pleadings or statements of case, motions, and orders allowed in appeals, the timing and manner of the appeal, the conduct of appellate hearings, the process for decisions, various available remedies, and how the courts and clerks must function.

These new shari ' a courts serve three functions ; namely, to pass rulings in both criminal and civil cases, to organize a militia capable of arresting criminals, and to keep convicted prisoners incarcerated.

These courts did not cover cases involved other religious groups, or capital offences or threats to public order.

These cases usually pertain to issues which different appellate courts within its jurisdiction have decided differently, or highly controversial cases involving a completely new legal issue never seen in that state.

These courts operated through relaxed rules of evidence and due process and were often staffed by law students and inexperienced lawyers.

" These relaxed standards usually do not result in reversals, as the court of appeals grants more deference to the judgment of the lower courts.

These cases are tried in district courts ( first tier courts ) by a jury of nine laymen.

These purely academic issues led the U. S. courts to describe cases where developing circumstances made any judgment ineffective as " moot ".

These manorial courts were preserved under the Administration of Justice Act 1977.

These were supposed courts made up of tribunals staffed by 10 to 70 women who would hear a case of love and rule on it based on the rules of love.

These other duties in fact include the resolving of conflicts of competence between courts, penal trials against judges for offences committed in office, disciplinary and advisory tasks and the decision in disputes about prizes taken by Dutch vessels.

These courts were extinguished when the state was reorganized into the United States District Courts for the Eastern and Western Districts of North Carolina.

These rules govern how a lawsuit or case may be commenced, what kind of service of process ( if any ) is required, the types of pleadings or statements of case, motions or applications, and orders allowed in civil cases, the timing and manner of depositions and discovery or disclosure, the conduct of trials, the process for judgment, various available remedies, and how the courts and clerks must function.

These courts do not use the common law of England, but are civil law courts largely based upon the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian.

These obligations apply to both criminal and civil hearings, and to all courts and tribunals.

These applets must run either in a container provided by a host program, through a plugin, or a variety of other applications including mobile devices that support the applet programming model.

These companies bid for seven-to eight-year contracts to run individual franchises.

These instructions could be combined to create useful programs for the EDVAC to run.

These departments were run by royal family members as well as scholar officials who were selected from imperial examinations.

These Lessons run in continuous rotation in the order she established, hence each subject is studied twice a year.

These tools have been, and still are, offered as on-premises software that companies purchase and run on their own IT infrastructure.

These programs now easily run on most personal computers, and are often capable of more complex functions than those which would have necessitated the most powerful mainframe computers several decades ago.

These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel, one backbone being 3 ' ( three prime ) and the other 5 ' ( five prime ).

These figures are " on average " since DARPA focuses on short-term ( two to four-year ) projects run by small, purpose-built teams.

" These younger leaders have repeatedly expressed frustration with the entrenched corruption in the party, which has been run by the " Old Guard " who returned from exile in Tunisia following the Oslo Accords.

These run under the brand of Fox News International.

These run under the brand of Fox News International.

These competitions have contributed to local interest in the sport and the first professional local team, the Fuerteventura-Canarias, was formed, initially run by Óscar Guerrero, director of Kaiku, although they have not competed for the past few seasons.

These privately run zones offered the same standard import-export incentives as the government zones.

These schools are made up of a mix of public, catholic, private and independent run, with the heaviest distribution lying in the more densely populated West around the Hobart city core.

These strings may run parallel to each other or may converge so the bottom ends of the strings are very close together.

These committees run different projects which include standardizing nomenclature, finding ways to bring chemistry to the world, and publishing works.

These designs can run existing 32-bit applications at native hardware speed, while offering support for 64-bit memory addressing and other enhancements to new applications.

These engines typically are fuel injected and run methanol fuel.

These were employed in games by the 1913 Notre Dame squad and subsequent Harper-and Rockne-coached teams and included many features common in modern passing, including having the passer throw the ball overhand and having the receiver run under a football and catch the ball in stride.

These experiments are run at various concentrations of mesogen in order to analyze that impact.

These elections are not competitive multiparty elections and most are not multi-candidate elections ; usually a single communist party candidate is chosen to run for office in which voters vote either to accept or reject the candidate.

These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel.

These series usually run six or eight episodes.