These are naturally in a ground state but can be excited

These perturbations result in different arrangement of electrons in the excited state of the involved molecules and therefore in different effects.

These calls are made when individuals are excited.

These include glueballs and hybrid mesons ( mesons bound by excited gluons ).

These gain media could release stimulated emissions between an excited state and a lower excited state, not the ground state, facilitating the maintenance of a population inversion.

These dyes needed to be excited by light of a certain wavelength in order for them to light up.

These absorptions and emissions, often referred to as atomic spectral lines, are due to electronic transitions of an outer shell electron to an excited state.

These oscillators give their entire energy to the electromagnetic field, creating a quantum of light, as often as they are excited by the electromagnetic field, absorbing a quantum of light and beginning to oscillate at the corresponding frequency.

These rely on different types of spectral lines — recombination lines and collisionally excited lines.

These modes are usually excited by a subwavelength grating.

These are naturally in a ground state but can be excited

These books excited a violent literary quarrel.

These provisions excited intense hostility in the U. S., and Senator Henry G. Davis offered an amendment adopted by the Committee on Foreign Affairs.

These red eyes become swollen and brighter in colour when the bird is excited.

These waves can be excited very efficiently with light in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

These lasers take advantage of the fact that excimer components have attractive interactions in the excited state and repulsive interactions in the ground state.

These lectures excited great debate and the author obstinately refused to return to literature-proper ; consequently, in 1846, the government put an end to the lectures, a measure which was arguably approved by the majority of his colleagues.

These occur where an excited nucleus has zero spin, and thus is unable to rid itself of energy by gamma emission, but also has insufficient decay energy to decay by internal pair creation.

These groups include the Avco Everett Research Laboratory, Sandia Laboratories, the Northrop Research and Technology Center, and the United States Government's Naval Research Laboratory who also developed a XeCl Laser that was excited using a microwave discharge.

These form delocalized π-electrons that can be excited by radiation.

These particles originate in Io's upper atmosphere but are excited from collisions with ions in the plasma torus ( discussed below ) and other processes into filling Io's Hill sphere, which is the region where the moon's gravity is predominant over Jupiter.

These usually immediately undergo gamma decay but a small fraction of them are excited enough to be able to decay by emitting a neutron in addition.

These 2 special pairs form an excitonic dimer, which means that they behave in function as a single entity ; i. e., they are excited as if they were a single molecule.

These balls are moving in great circles and ellipses, and are of course, the electrons, the particles of negative electricity which by their action create the forces that tie this atom of calcium to the neighboring atoms of oxygen and make up the solid structure of my finger bone.

These were discovered by Carl D. Anderson in 1932 and named positrons ( a contraction of " positive electrons ").

These he interpreted as " negative-energy electrons " and attempted to identify them with protons in his 1930 paper A Theory of Electrons and Protons However, these " negative-energy electrons " turned out to be positrons, and not protons.

These electrons cause the nuclei to be attracted to each other, and this attraction results in the bond.

These newly added electrons potentially occupy a lower energy-state ( effectively closer to more nuclear charge ) than they experience in a different atom.

These electrons are bound to the metal lattice but no longer to an individual atom.

These layers of fixed positive and negative charges, collectively known as the depletion layer because they are depleted of free electrons and holes.

These freed electrons and ions are in turn accelerated and strike other atoms, creating more charge carriers, in a chain reaction.

These two properties are not contradictory, because in the optimal geometrical arrangement, there is more magnetic moment from the sublattice of electrons that point in one direction, than from the sublattice that points in the opposite direction.

These numerical co-incidences refer to such quantities as the ratio of the age of the universe to the atomic unit of time, the number of electrons in the universe, and the difference in strengths between gravity and the electric force for the electron and proton.

These are accelerated by an electrostatic field where they strike a phosphor coated screen, converting the electrons back into photons.

These electrons are then used in the reactions that turn carbon dioxide into organic compounds.

These electrons are shuttled through an electron transport chain, the so-called Z-scheme shown in the diagram, that initially functions to generate a chemiosmotic potential across the membrane.

These weakly bound electrons can move about in the crystal lattice relatively freely and can facilitate conduction in the presence of an electric field.

These include photon scanning microscopy ( PSTM ), which uses an optical tip to tunnel photons ; scanning tunneling potentiometry ( STP ), which measures electric potential across a surface ; spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy ( SPSTM ), which uses a ferromagnetic tip to tunnel spin-polarized electrons into a magnetic sample, and atomic force microscopy ( AFM ), in which the force caused by interaction between the tip and sample is measured.

These electrodes are referred to as grids as they are not solid electrodes but sparse elements through which electrons can pass on their way to the plate.

These angled plates ( not to be confused with the anode ) focus the electron stream onto certain spots on the anode which can withstand the heat generated by the impact of massive numbers of electrons, while also providing pentode behavior.

These electrons are then directed into an electron multiplier for analysis.

These secondary peaks, not to be confused with high energy satellites which are discussed later, arise from the presence of the same element in multiple different chemical states on a surface ( i. e. Adsorbate layers ) or from relaxation transitions involving valence band electrons of the substrate.

These atoms can also turn into ions and electrons if they reach a certain temperature.

These electrons can be provided from a hot cathode filament and when accelerated in the electrical field of the cathode, fall to the anode ( Kaufman type ion thruster ).

These changes can be represented in formulas by inserting appropriate electrons into each half-reaction: